Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol 1

Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol 1 629 PRODUCTIVITY AND INDOOR ENVIRONMENT Derek Clements-Croome1 and Li Baizhan2 University of Reading, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, UK Jukes Associates, UK ABSTRACT Surveys in several office buildings have shown that crowded work places, job dissatisfaction and physical environment are the main factors affecting productivity. the data was produced and analyzed using occupational stress indicator in conjunction with the analytical hierarchical process. hermal problems, stuffiness, sick building syndrome factors and crowded work places were most frequent complaints. the results suggest that the productivity could be improved by 4 to 10% by improving the office environmental conditions. KEYWORDS: SBS, productivity, thermal comfort, perceived air quality, stress INTRODUCTION It is much higher cost to employ people then it is to maintain and operate a building, hence spending money on improving the work environment is t he most cost effective way of improving productivity because of small percentage increase in productivity of 0. % to 2% can have dramatic effects on the profitability of the company. The current state of knowledge on this subject is described by Clements-Croome [1]. Practical applications of some of this knowledge is described by Oseland and Barlett [2] METHODS This research focuses on the relationship between productivity and the indoor environment in the offices and takes into account the fact that productivity depends on other factors by using an Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI) which has been developed to include an environmental dimension [3,4].OSI is a job satisfaction scale involving question or statements, asking respondent to state what they think or feel about their job as whole or specific aspects of it. Likeret scaling using five, seven or nine point scales is usually used. The OSI has been demonstrated by Arnold [5]. The occupational stress indicator is designed to g ather information about groups as well as individuals and it attempts to measure the major sources of occupational pressure; occupational stress; coping mechanisms and individual differences which may moderate the impact of stress.An environmental dimension has been built into this indicator covering temperature, ventilation, humidity, indoor air quality, lighting, noise, crowded work space and is referred to as EPOSI which has been used to gather information about the occupants in the buildings that have been surveyed. This method of self assessment provides valuable information on individual as well as group responses. The data from the questionnaire is analyzed using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) originated by Saaty[6]. AHP uses nine point judgement scales for use with detailed questionnaires aided by semi-structured interviews.The method is based on the theory of 630 Exposure, human responses and building investigations hierarchies and is a way of structuring complex mu lti-dimensional systems, by analyzing the interaction between elements in each stratum of the hierarchy in terms of their impact on elements in the stratum immediately above. It is possible to have several levels of hierarchies, but in this case five have been selected beginning with productivity followed by human factors; system factors; health factors; environmental factors. The questionnaires were answered by occupants across various work grades and tasks and were designed to elicit: background information about the organization and the workplace †¢ how much the environment and the job cause dissatisfaction †¢ the feelings of the subject about their current working situation †¢ the principle causal factors influencing health symptoms of occupants †¢ which factors influence job satisfaction and productivity Semi-structured interviews were carried out to establish more details about attitudes and reasons behind responses. Office survey A detailed environmental s urvey was carried out at an office in Reading in 1996. he questionnaire was in five sections: Section A The Questionnaire asks the occupants to judge the physical factors in the environment covering temperature, stuffiness and draughts, dryness, indoor air quality, sunlight, lightning, noise and vibration, and crowded workplaces. Questions were also asked about personal health; job stress; job satisfaction; an overall opinion about the indoor environment; including questions about five categories of sick building syndrome covering sensory irritation; skin irritations; nervous problems; nasal and odor complaints. Section BThe questionnaire concerned subjects views on how they liked the office layout and decoration as well as questions about their job in relation to productivity. They are also asked to rate how much personal control they felt had over temperature and lighting. Four questions were asked to determine self assessed productivity covering the amount of work accomplished; q uality of work; feeling of creativity; and degree of responsibility. Section C The questionnaire was concerning information which describes the characteristics of the organization, workplace and some personal information.Occupants were then asked about human factors such as well-being; ability to perform; motivation; job satisfaction and technical competence. Finally there was a group of questions concerned with indoor environment; weather; outdoor view; organizational factors; occupational factors; facilities and service; and personal factors. Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol 1 631 Section D The questionnaire was based on information gathered using EPOSI and five major human factors were identified which influence productivity ( well-being, ability to perform, motivation, job satisfaction, technical competence).Six system factors ( indoor environment, weather and outdoor views, organizational aspects, occupational issues, facilities and services, personal aspects) were ex amined to see how they influenced the human factors. Section E The questionnaire covered interactions between sick building sickness symptoms and an array of personal, occupational and environmental factors. RESULTS Analysis of the data shows that the level of productivity by self assessment reduces as the workspace becomes more crowded, as job dissatisfaction increases and as overall dissatisfaction of the indoor environment increases. he results lead to the overall conclusion that an average the self assessed productivity could be improved by about 10% by improving the office environmental conditions. The Spearman rank-correlation coefficient, rs, was used to assess measure of association between any two variables. The statistical analyzes of the results is given in detail by Li [7]. It was shown that a significant rank-correlation exists between self-assessed productivity and environment, job dissatisfaction and job stress, as shown in Table 1. Table 1. The association between se lf assessed productivity, environment and job factors.Factor Associated Factor Spearman RankCorrelation Coefficient Self-assessed productivity Unsatisfactory indoor -0. 49 environment Job dissatisfaction -0. 36 Job stress -0. 21 Unsatisfactory indoor Job stress +0. 31 environment Job dissatisfaction +0. 43 Job stress Job dissatisfaction +0. 36 There is unique relationship between the individual, the environment and the building they inhabit. Satisfaction with the environment. satisfaction with the environment arises from a number of issues apart from personal health (r=0. 34), sick building syndrome symptoms (r=0. 5), visual and aural problems (r=0. 36), thermal problems (r=0. 49), and crowded work space (r=0. 50). The correlation coefficients were statistically significant for p F? = 0,01 [3, 152] = 3. 92 ) (1) This indicates that subjects who suffer from physical environmental factors will suffer an increase in overall unsatisfactory environment which is positively related to ther mal problems, crowded workspace and sick building syndrome symptoms. The multiple regression equation for job satisfaction was found to be: JD = 1. 2055 + 0. 3157* JS + 0. 2572 * En + 0. 1023 * CS r = 0. 5367, F=19. 56> F? = 0,01 [3,149] = 3. 92 ) (2) This shows that high job dissatisfaction results from job stress, crowded workspace and an overall unsatisfactory environment. For self assessed productivity, the regression equation was developed using a step wise regression procedure: P=6. 8510-0. 3625*En-0. 1542*JD-0. 1329*CS (r = 0. 5083, F= 14. 86 > F? = 0,01 [3, 132] = 3. 94 (3) The principal factors which affect self assessed productivity in the offices surveyed were an overall unsatisfactory environment, crowded workspace and job dissatisfaction.A distinction was made between direct effects (i. e. those effects that do not result from any other variable in the model) and – secondary or indirect effects which arise from the interaction between one or more variables in the model. (Cohen 1983). For example an overall unsatisfactory environment has a direct effect on self assessed productivity, but there is also an indirect effect because it also affects job satisfaction which in turn also affects self assessed productivity.The total indirect effect is estimated by the product of the effects of an overall unsatisfactory environment on job satisfaction, and job satisfaction on self assessed productivity. The total effect of environment on self assessed productivity is then the result of combining the direct and indirect effects. Further analyzes showed that the most common complaints about unsatisfactory environments were those connected with high or low temperature variations; stale and stuffy air; dry or humid air. Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol 1 633 CONCLUSIONSThe principal conclusions were: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Individual responses illustrate that the majority of respondents believed that the o ffice environment had a direct influence on their well-being and self assessed productivity. When dissatisfaction with the environment and job were high there was a low level of self assessed productivity. Results showed that there were more occupants suffering from an overall unsatisfactory environment than from job stress and job dissatisfaction. People may be wholly satisfied with their job, but could also be quite unhappy about their work environment.In general however people reporting negative attitudes towards the environment were also the people with high job stress and job dissatisfaction. Crowded workspaces, thermal problems, and sick building symptoms due to whatever cause were the principal complaints about unsatisfactory environments. Nearly two thirds of the occupants thought that a 10% or more increase in their productivity was possible by improving the office environment. Results of the analysis also indicated that self assessed productivity could be improved by about 10%.Further analysis using the AHP model illustrated that the ability to perform, and wellbeing, were the two most important human factors that influenced the productivity of occupants in the offices surveyed. These factors together with job satisfaction and indoor environment form a virtuous cluster which is highly important in designing creative workplaces. In this study there was a small effect of the outdoor environment on productivity but this was insignificant compared to the effect of the indoor environment.Indoor air quality and pollution were the most important environmental factors influencing sick building syndrome. Compared with other personal factors (e. g. gender and type A behavior) and occupational factors, job stress was the next most significant factor which gave rise to sick building syndrome symptoms.. Results showed that the primary factors influencing productivity varied between organizations, and also between buildings or offices within the same building. Thi s research has established a reliable methodology for evaluating self assessed productivity. SymbolsCS En F JD JS p P r rs SBS Th ———— Crowded working space (7 score) An overall unsatisfactory indoor environment (7 score) For statistical F-test Job dissatisfaction (7 score) Job stress (7 score) The level of statistical significance Self assessed productivity (9 score) The correlation coefficient Spearman rank-correlation coefficient Suffer from SBS symptoms (7 score) Suffer from thermal conditions (7 score) 634 Exposure, human responses and building investigations REFERENCES: 1. Clements-Croome, D. J. , 2000, Creating the Productive Workplace, Spon Routledge. 2.Oseland, N. , Bartlett, P. , 1999, Improving Office Productivity, Longman. 3. Cooper, C. L. , 1998, Occupational Stress Indicator Management Guide, NFERNelson, Windsor. 4. Clements-Croome, D. J. , Li B. , 1995, Impact of Indoor Environment on Productivity, Workplace Comfort Forum, Royal Institute o f British Architects, London. 5. Arnold, J. , Cooper, C. L. , Robertson, I. , (1998), Work Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviour in the Workplace, 3ra Edition, Financial Times-Pitman Publishing. 6. Saaty, T. L. , 1972, Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill, New York. 7. Li, B. 1998, Assessing the Influence of Indoor Environment on Self Reported Productivity in Offices, Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading. 8. Raw, G. J. , et al. , 1989, Further Findings From the Office Environment Survey, Part I: Productivity, Building Research Establishment, Note No. N79/89. 9. Anderson, D. , et al. , 1990, Statistics for Business and Economics, 4th Edition, West Publishing Company, USA. 10. Cohen, J. , Cohen, P. , 1983, Applied Multiple Regression – Correlation Analysis for Behaviourial Sciences, 2†³d Edition, Lawrence Earle Baum Associates, New Jersey/London.

Ophelia Shakespeare Wife Essay

Ophelia has been known as â€Å"the good daughter.† She does whatever is asked of her by any male figure in her life. In the list of characters found in the lay she is simply listed the â€Å"daughter of Polonius.† This implies that she is a minor character who still â€Å"belongs† to her father. Amanda Mabillard believes that it is out of love that Ophelia obeys her father’s and brother’s every desire (Mabillard, â€Å"Ophelia†). However, many believe that it is not out of â€Å"love† that prompts her obedience, but fear. When Laertes tells Ophelia to distrust Hamlet, she willingly obeys him and gives him the authority over her heart. In many of the exchanges between herself and her father, she simply responds with, â€Å"I will obey.† For instance, in act 2 scene 1, Polonius asks Ophelia if he had denied contact with Hamlet and Ophelia tells him, â€Å"†¦but as you command , I did repel his letters.† In Act 3 scene 1 Ophelia is spying on Hamlet at her father’s insistence. We are lead to believe that she truly does love Hamlet but cannot refuse her father, so she betrays her love to spy on him. When Hamlet discovers that Ophelia’s father is listening he calls Polonius a â€Å"fishmonger,† which means a pimp. With the same token, Hamlet is calling Ophelia a prostitute that is being used by her father. Hamlet is not very far off on this assertion. However, you must also remember that because of the actions of his mother, he believes all women to be harlots and has lost faith in the female. Again, in act 3 scene 1 Hamlet states: If thou dost marry, I’ll give thee this plague for thy dowry: be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape calumny. Get thee to a nunnery, go, farewell. Or if thou wilt needs marry, marry a fool; for wise men know well enough what monsters you make of them. To a nunnery, go; and quickly too. Farewell.

Restaurant Business Plan Essay

Entrepreneurs who start new restaurants may overestimate the size of the market in their area and not take into account the tough competition they will face from established restaurants with loyal clientele. Doing a feasibility study prior to investing the time and money to open a restaurant can help an entrepreneur make a more informed decision about the venture’s chances of success. Starting or running a restaurant? These practical tools can help.www.virtualrestaurant.com Obtain Market Statistics Studying demographic characteristics such as age and income will help you estimate the size of your potential market. If you are planning a mid-price, family-style restaurant for example, you need to know how many families reside in your area. A heavy population of singles or college students will probably not support your restaurant. The U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau website is a good place to begin your research. Evaluate Potential Locations A high-traffic location is preferable, one close to major streets with lots  of visibility to vehicle or pedestrian traffic. Make sure parking is ample and easy for customers to access. Look for businesses in the area that could create demand for your restaurant — large office complexes, hotels or retail centers for example. Be sure to consider the tradeoff between a location’s suitability and the lease cost. Saddling a new restaurant with a lease payment that is too high can make it extremely difficult for the venture to reach positive cash flow. Related Reading: Business Plan Vs. Feasibility Study Review the Competition Look not only at the total number of restaurants in your immediate area but also at the styles of restaurants that are prevalent. Consider whether your area is already saturated with restaurants similar to the concept you will be offering — similar cuisine, price point and target markets. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each major competitor and determine whether your proposed restaurant will stand apart from competitors and be memorable to customers. Study the Industry Join your state or local restaurant and hospitality organizations. Attend their meetings, talk with other restaurant owners and review any statistical information they publish about the growth and health of the industry. The National Restaurant Association also publishes studies and statistics about industry trends and growth. Decide whether given the current economic environment it is advisable to launch a new restaurant. Find out if any restaurants in the area have closed in the last two years and why. Look at Your Cost Structure Once you have a good idea what type of food you want to offer, break down the cost of each menu item. Determine who your major suppliers will be and ask them for pricing. Software programs are available to help you accurately calculate projected food cost. You may consider reducing the number of items on your menu to keep food cost down. You may also find that given the food cost projections, the prices you will have to charge are higher than your  local market will support. Evaluate Management Capability An entrepreneur contemplating opening a restaurant should take a hard look at whether he has the skill set and experience to make the venture a success. He should ask himself whether he has the eye for detail to maintain high customer satisfaction. He needs to be able to train and motivate staff members who may have limited experience or education. He needs to understand how to make the kitchen operation run smoothly. He may determine that it is not feasible for him to be the general manager of the restaurant’s operations and elect to hire a manager who already has a track record of success in the industry.

Video review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Video review - Assignment Example Another thing that stood out for me in the video was the idea that we no longer need to select fonts anymore in the quest of trying to separate format from content. The video looks at Helvetica in a way that tries to explain how typeface affects our lives. I previously believed that san-serif type of font was related in some way to the old serif font that was used in the early twentieth century. It is amazing how the font represents an approach with no embellishments, no-nonsense font that simply shows figure of symbols, directly giving the message. The video confirmed that the use of san-serif saves some ink when used as opposed to old serifs. Now, I understand why, most often than not, Helvetica font has been used in utilitarian contexts. One thing that is still circling in my mind is how graphic design, typography, and global visual culture relate. This is issue is still unresolved because I still don’t clearly understand how typeface affects our lives. a. The first thing that stood out for me in this documentary is how it tries to trace the history of how the need of mass production came to exist. Especially, where it explains how the t Chinese armies needed their arrows standardized, and as such, mass production of the arrows. b. Secondly, the way the video looks at different designers from different countries irrespective of their status, whether eccentric showoffs or serious thinkers in the quest of trying to illustrate designer’s role really stood out for me in this video. c. The way the video tries to explain why things are or feel the way they are, from a toothbrush, potato peeler or a computer really stood out for me. For instance, the video explains that the invention and the design of the modern potato peeler was so as to help people with arthritis (Hustwit, Objectified). One feature regarding the role of designers in the design process is how they are expected to ensure that products are aesthetically pleasing, useful, easy to understand,

Research Methods critique of a qualitative journal Literature review

Research Methods critique of a qualitative journal - Literature review Example It is a concise title, which is free of extraneous words and or phrases. Abstract. The wide ranging approach of the article is confirmed in the abstract which stresses the â€Å"complex and multifaceted† way in which ideology affects people at various stages in their professional careers, and in different contexts. The abstract highlights the theoretical underpinning of the work by the work of Goffman on frame analysis (1974; 1981) and outlines how a grounded theory methodology was used to analyse the interactions between professionals and older people. There was some indication of the scope, the variables and the findings of the study in the abstract, but little in the way of detail. The most accurate description for the type of research that this study represents is a survey, with strong theoretical underpinning and a focus on linking ideology with practice. No direct interactions between social workers and clients were observed, and the information about such interactions w as second-hand via the interviewing process. Introduction The problem that the article addresses is was very clearly defined as a need to evaluate the success of the 1990 NHS and Community Care Act in meeting the needs of older people. This is not a new issue, since the Act had been in force for almost two decades at the the time of publication of the article, but the author demonstrates that the critical literature has produced very mixed evaluations. The complexity of the environment, with its conflicting demands such as professional standards, management directives, shifting ideologies, financial constraints and different individual values has led to a proliferation of research outputs which illuminate the detail, but do not address the more fundamental question of dominant ideologies. The background to the problem is described as â€Å"a practice context that has challenged well established modes of social work intervention, †¦ an emphasis on inter-professional workingâ₠¬ ¦ and ethical considerations surrounding service rationing and individual rights.† (Sullivan, 2009). The problem itself is clearly formulated as a need to â€Å"explore both the manifest content and the functional properties of dominant ideology in community care practice†. (Sullivan, 2009) Literature Review Sullivan cites a number of key studies in her description of the fundamental changes in the delivery of care to older people since 1990. These include the work of Postle (1999; 2000; 2002) on the changing role of social workers, and various studies on how bureaucracy affects the delivery of care, such as Lipsky (1980) in an American context and Ellis et al. (2007) in a UK context. Stereotypes of social worker description are listed with reference to Wilmot (1995) and Dalley (1991). A great many studies on organizational policy and its effects on professionals and older people are cited. The extensive quotation of other scholars gives the literature review the qual ity of a meta-analysis, and at the end of this the author homes in on the issue of how ideologies impact on practice delivery. The somewhat overpowering density of references is no doubt due to the fact that the article rests on the author’s PhD research. (Sullivan, 2003). Method procedure. The study proper begins with a reiteration of Goffman’

Qualcomm Stadium Sponsorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qualcomm Stadium Sponsorship - Essay Example On entry to the stadium parking lots, Qualcomm signs can be seen at top of the stadium on the east and west sides of the stadium. Also on top of the stadium next to Qualcomm, but on a smaller scale, is a sponsorship sign for Union Bank, which is one of the official sponsors of the stadium and of the Chargers team. When entering the main gates of the stadium, the entrance ways have Qualcomm signs and showcase another stadium sponsor, Bud Light. These signs are on top of the pathway. The ticket office also has Qualcomm signs. On first entrance into the stadium, wall sponsorship of Sycuan, which is a San Diego Casino, greets fans. At the concession area, Bud Light signs grace the places to buy drinks; there are no other sponsors for food concessions. Inside the playing arena of the stadium, many different sponsorship signs can be found. The Jumbo-tron has Qualcomm Stadium on the top of it. Further down the Jumbo-tron there is a big Bud Light sign that is lighted. On the sides of the Jum bo-tron, Pepsi has small signs. On one side there is an advertisement for Toyota, while Union Bank is on the other side. On the opposite side of the stadium there is a smaller Jumbo-tron with a Qualcomm sign on top and a Bud Light sign underneath.   There is a trolley system that brings fans back and forth from the city to the stadium that has no sponsorship signage. On the outside and inside walls of the stadium there are statues and plaques of the San Diego Padres baseball team all over the stadium. This takes up most of the inside and outside space. These are prime areas for sponsorship; however, they are being used to remember the MLB baseball team that is no longer using the stadium. The San Diego Padres moved to their own brand new stadium a few years back. The Padre statues and plates could be taken down and used more constructively for sponsorship purposes. At the top of the

U.S. Involvement in the military coup against Hugo Chavez Essay

U.S. Involvement in the military coup against Hugo Chavez - Essay Example The coup was later given up by Hugo Chavez which had taken 16 lives and resulted in injuring of 60 individuals. Chavez spent his life in jail for 2 years before being pardoned. He later reorganized his movement turning from a military officer into a Politician. [3] The opposition has been striving to oust the president through legal legislation methodology since 2002 accusing him of imitating the communist Cuban State but in 2004 it managed to secure a referendum on his leadership which only helped in Mr. Chavez getting more strength, winning the referendum won by a large majority and went on to win the 2006 presidential elections. Hugo Chavez has also been the first world leader who has attacked the US president on the floor of the United States; Nikita Khrushchev of the former Soviet Union, threatened the West in 1960, but he did not personally attack President Eisenhower. He said, "The devil came here yesterday," Chavez said, referring to Mr. Bushs address on Tuesday and making the sign of the cross. "He came here talking as if he were the owner of the world."[4] On 9th of April 2002, a two day strike was called by Carlos Ortega by CTV (Confederation of Workers of Venezuela) in which scored of hundred of thousands of strike suporters took to the street of the capital [5] and marched towards the headquarters of Vanezuela’s State owned oil Company Petrà ³leos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) on the 11th of April 2002. The mob was supporting the recently fired management of the oil company. A demonstration in support of the President Chavez was also being staged at the presidential palace and the organizers of the strike supporters decided to re-direct the mob to the presidential palace which resulted in severe violence eruption between the supporters of the two demonstrations. While the action was on, the head of the venezuelan army Lucas Rincon Romero announced the resignation of the Chavez from the

JPMorgan Chase & Co Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

JPMorgan Chase & Co - Essay Example This study shows that a growing number of consumers are depending on their local banks to meet their insurance needs. (Dewett and Chand, 449). The analysis includes a ranking of the top 50 bank holding companies on the basis of the absolute dollar amount of total insurance revenue (earnings from sales and underwriting) and on the basis of total insurance revenue as a percentage of the institutions total noninterest income. (Dewett and Chand, 449). The interest in this market continues to increase, and JP Morgan and Chase continues to reep the benefits. Furthermore, JP Morgan and Chase is growing its customer base through Internet banking. Internet banking is done quickly. Internet technology has changed the social, financial and economic structure of the world by and helped the banking industry improve upon efficiency. The use of microprocessing chips enables a computer to perform several million operations per second. Internet banking is quick and personal. The Internet and electronic commerce are totally transforming the banking and financial services industry by offering convenient services that take very little time to buy. At a single website on the Internet, a customer may be able to access information and manage his finance (Perin). He may not have to visit the brick and mortar bank. With a few clicks of a mouse, the customer may handle his finances on the Internet with speed that is incomparable to the cumbersome process of visiting the bank, meeting people, telling them what he needs, and getting his work done. He may not have to leave his office to go to a bank and especially for a private business, he may even access his Internet bank late at night without waiting for the morning to do his work. Banking on the Internet saves customers time and money (Perin). Internet banking sites offer critical advantages over brick and mortar branches. The convenience of around-the-clock access of the Internet bank from

The Twilight of the Golds for 3 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Twilight of the Golds for 3 questions - Essay Example In the movie Twilight of the Golds, the wife of Rob Stein, Suzzane experiences cognitive dissonance. This happens when her husband through laboratory tests finds that their unborn son could likely be gay. The husband tells her to abort, and she agrees to. However, after she converses with a gay colleague, and he suffers assault; she decides not to abort. The stress that arises from the assault of the colleague makes her reconsider her decision. On one hand, she would like to abort the baby to save her marriage while, on the other hand, she feels empathy towards her unborn child by likening it to her brother David and her gay colleague. Therefore, Suzzane wants the baby, but she does not want a homosexual baby. She says that she would have preferred if the baby were handicapped rather than homosexual. She uses this excuse to justify her decision to abort the baby. She also wants to keep the baby since it is her first pregnancy, and she wants to have a child. However, the fact that her husband is willing to leave her if she brings the unborn child to term makes her want to get rid of it. Suzzane is always at a crossroad and thus experience cognitive dissonance. She is trying to balance her life on all sides and to do, so she has to eliminate or repress a path of thought to make peace with herself, but in the end, she decides to have a baby. Rationalization is a defense mechanism that allows one to make up excuses or lies to oneself and others about a particular negative experience by trying to explain why things happened the way they did. It attempts to make reality fit into one’s emotions instead of perceiving it as it really is. This mechanism usually shifts the blame, shame, or embarrassment from the one experiencing it to an outside element say a person or a situation. For example, Rob Stein is a character in the movie who practices rationalization. First, he accepts to have to perform the experimental

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Example for Free

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Learning is a natural ability that is wired into many animals DNA; the way that humans should learn has been debated by the various educators because of the endless ways to teach. Teachers and parents take this matter seriously like Ralph Waldo Emerson in â€Å"From Education† and Todd Gitlin in â€Å"The Liberal Arts in an Age of Info-Glut† who created essays on education; and Billy Collins in â€Å"The History Teacher† entail for then and who wrote a poem concerned with the status of education. These people show what the importance of education is entailing what learning should and should not involve; a teacher should respect and have patience for children; a teacher should also let a child have creativity and lessons of the past. Many teens do not respect their teacher which might be because the teacher does not respect them; as the golden rule goes, â€Å"treat others the way you would treat yourself†; Ralph Waldo Emerson in â€Å"From Education† would probably agree with this quote because he strongly believes that, â€Å"the secret of [e]ducation lies in respecting the pupil,† (page 102). Shows that Emerson understood what children are thinking then did something to help them by simply respecting them. Another big issue with education is patience; some people do not have enough patience to guide children to what they are supposed to learn. Emerson also believes that patience is an important part in education, â€Å"to regard the young [children, they require] no doubt, rare patience: a patience that nothing but faith in medial forces of the soul can give,† Emerson was trying to say that someone has to really care in order to teach information to children (page 105). Some people do not see the point in having art classes or history classes; the reason why is because art assists students to express themselves in a way that words cannot along with helping them find out what kind of person they truly are; and history is needed to teach children where they originated from; and to show them mistakes that other people in the past made so they will not make them again. Todd Gitlin in â€Å"The Liberal Arts in an Age of Info-Glut† agrees with this â€Å"[students] need some orientation to philosophy, history, language, literature, music, and arts that have lasted more than 15 minutes,† (page 156) because students need the outlet to express themselves; or if they do not they would not learn morals then they would become exactly  what people were trying to stop; As shown in â€Å"The History Teacher† by Billy Collins who stated, â€Å"the children would leave his classroom for the playground to torment the weak and the smart,† all because â€Å"[the teacher tries] to protect his students’ innocence he told them the Ice Age was really just the Chilly Age, a period of a million years when everyone had to wear sweaters. And the Stone Age became the Gravel Age, named after the long driveways of time,† this demonstrates how not teaching children lessons of the past which are the brood violence’ that others committed in history; by not teaching this history it affects children’s behavior in real life (page 143). Morals are right and wrong many people’s morals will differ; this is why teaching them is tricky because the teacher’s morals might not be the same as the parent’s morals. This is why some of the history in textbooks is sometimes just the summary of what really happened but not enough for the main point to be set across unlike in â€Å"The History Teacher† where, â€Å"the Spanish Inquisition [is] nothing more than an outbreak of questions such as â€Å"How far is it from here to Madrid? †,† and â€Å"the War of the Roses took place in a garden, and the Enola Gay dropped one tiny atom on Japan,† explains when a teacher goes too far in trying to protect student’s mind from bad; when only good is taught and everything else is censored then the students become the opposite; because they do not know the consequences of doing bad, which is why history is taught. As teachers and parents they have to let their students make their own choices as shown in â€Å"From Education† Emerson says, â€Å"it is not for you to choose what he shall know, [or] what he shall do,† shows that sometimes a student needs to find out the consequences the hard way, and let them choose what they want to learn (page 143). Education is needed in modern day society to help students and children grow and help the nation; by giving students proper education the teacher are not really helping the students but they are helping themselves. Teaching creativity helps a student express themselves; respect should be given so the student can give it back; patience is needed to help them understand; morals need to be taught through history so the student will make fewer mistakes; these are essential to a good education and an even better future: as shown by the writings of Billy Collins, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Todd Gitlin.

Tourist Beach Resort For Extreme Sports Tourism Essay

Tourist Beach Resort For Extreme Sports Tourism Essay Architecture now days have become very utility oriented due to constraints of the current times. Practicing and producing functional architecture is not at all wrong but the word function itself is very involuntary. Just like machines which are proficient to do and achieve tasks for which they are programmed for but those performed tasks are impassive. One cannot develop any sense of belonging to a space or architecture unless there is something more than function involved into it which provokes the human senses and is capable of fluctuating human emotions and feelings. This thesis is conscious attempts to create functional architecture while keeping in mind the human emotions and sensory intensification. The basic objective is to create spaces which are not categorized by its volume and magnitude rather they should be acknowledged by their spatial experience. These types of experiences are critical particularly for such kind of building program involving leisure of tourism and extre mity of action sports. Incorporating human sensorial characteristic will not only augment the user experience but it will also increase the architectural character of spaces. INTRODUCTION http://2bawards.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/extreme-sports.jpg Man is a social animal. This is a clichà © but explains most of the social requirements and demands of human race. Socializing is not just about human interaction with each other but it is also about how a person interacts with and relates to his or her environment. For most of the people an environments starts to become suffocating if they happen to experience the same thing over and over again. Man needs change. It may not be a unvarying or permanent change but the human psychology demands change for some time at least. This type of design project and building typology is most suitable to explore the impacts of architecture on human emotions and moods and then apply it on spaces and over all architecture. As a tourist resort is a kind of a place where people actually come to relax, rehabilitate their energy, enjoy and experience something different. On the other hand extreme games also involve a lot of human emotions like anger, anxiety, fear etc. So for application of the respective research, in my opinion, this building typology is one of the most suitable. Man has managed to come up with many ways to cater to his needs of changing and environment. He called it recreation and leisure. There are two types of leisure: Passive leisure (minimal physical involvement) Active leisure ( optimal physical involvement) Both type of leisure facilities will be a part of program. The facility will incorporate the following: Water sports Extreme games Beach resort Others 1.1-Architecture and psychology: In day to day life we experience different type of situation causing different types of mood swings in us. These experiences come as a surprise to us most of the time. When we get out of our routine and go to an exhilarating activity like some excursion or some stimulating sports we tend to pre determine our moods. We try to be happy and feel happy along with many other positive emotions like thrill, excitement, positive anxiety etc. This can be translated into architecture by incorporating an over lapping field of neurology and studying impact of architecture on human beings. In my understanding architecture and building can be perceived in two ways: Interactive architecture. Interactive architecture is very much program dependant. The practical aspects of the buildings are fulfilled and users movement and functions are catered then its an interactive building. At the most five human senses are considered while designing. Active architecture Every form, space, color, space quality has certain impact on human brain when it interacts with 5 senses.-this is where interactive architecture ends. So we can say every space , form, color has an action on a user . A person reacts to it and hence EXPERIENCES THE TRUE SPIRIT OF THE SPACE. 1.2-Objectives and aims: To enhance architectural experience through sensory fluctuations (Anxiety, Calmness etc) in user using spaces, space formation, colors, textures, heights and other architectural elements. To translate the dynamics of extreme sports in the building form. To provide a platform to people to enjoy and experience such activities for the first time in Pakistan. 1.3-Need Of the project: Help in catering and improving the tourism infrastructure of the country. Studies show that if such spaces and activities are not provided to the youngsters they can indulge themselves in negative activities.(explained further in the next heading) Required in the urban fabric infrastructure of the second only city of Pakistan which is being master planned and this type of activity place has already been marked by the development authorities. Why do people play extreme sports? To get the answer to this question two qualified psychiatrists from CMH were interviewed namely D.Sana Naimat and Dr.Imtiaz Mubasshir.According to them people who are bored of life usually need a kick though everybody has a different genetic structure. They tend to have a reckless behavior if they require a change and they dont get it. Endorphins (hormones which actually makes a person feel good about his own self) are released at a certain heart rate after a person gets a kick according to his or her own genetic structure but usually the kick is in the form of an extreme behavior ,be it ecstasy, suicidal behavior or extreme sports. People tend to deal stress in different patterns usually by changing their environment. Sometimes these patterns are adaptive and sometimes these are maladaptive. So it can be concluded that extreme activities on the whole are a part of human nature and many human beings have the urge to do it in order to act normal and stay calm in daily life. Clients brief: For this project the client is The Ministry of Sports and Culture , Government of Pakistan along with a multinational company. At present Red bull in collaboration with Yamaha and Caterpillar showed interest in the project and presented a feasibility report to TIE. Project Supervision: This project is to be executed in the 3rd phase development of Gwadar which will take place around year 2030. Currently the first phase is almost complete in which the road and other infrastructure of the city is laid out. In 2nd phase utility oriented facilities are to be planned and constructed and in 3rd phase recreation and large scale institutional projects are to be developed and constructed. The client is Ministry of Sports and Culture and it wishes to create a platform for action sports in Pakistan where main and major extreme sports can be played and experienced on one platform under one roof. The project would be under the supervision of GDA(Gwadar development authority). The client wants to execute this project in Gwadar because multinational companies find the projects adequate for the city because of its thriving and hopeful future prospects. USER: The target user for this project is the youth and tourist of the country who enjoys scenic views, nature, and adventure, and likes to deal with challenging situations. Social Objectives: The intent of this project is not only to promote this new form of sports but also to promote and facilitate the tourism of the country. Gwadar has deep sea port and when it will be properly and fully functional it will eventually attract tourist from all over the world and this type of project fits and compliments the urban fabric of the city. It will also become a social spot for the city and the locality. The site falls in the tourism zone (according to the master plan of Gwadar) of the city and this area will become a focal point of tourism and recreational attraction not only for the citizens of Gwadar but also for people coming from other areas and countries. The main aim is to summon the youth under a roof to experience thrilling sporting activities in safe and monitored environment under proper supervision. By providing safe environment accidents can be avoided which happen because of the reckless behavior of youngsters seeking thrill on roads. Different level zones are provided for amateurs and professioals so that every adult and child can enjoy the facility according to his or her potential. The thrill seekers will not have travel to different places to enjoy the thrills of rock climbing on mountains or to the sea shores to enjoy water sports, people no more need to go to urban centers to enjoy the street sports like skate boarding and bmx stunts. This facility has it all under one emblem. Other than generating tourism and sports activities it will also help in strengthening local economy. These sporting events bring all sorts of people together and hence it helps developing some cultural trends and it also helps in promoting a countrys image in this age where world is now a global village. Site Location: Site is location on the Shore of Gwadar Sea in the tourism development zone. Site is towards the west of Koh-e-Batil and on the south of Pishukan road which leads towards the pishukan town towards padi zar. Feasibility: In the current scenario the trend in the world and specifically in Pakistan is to develop lavish real estates. A project like this are part of overall development and compliments the current trends of real estate development. In the pursuit of profitable development, leisure and entertainment has to be catered for. There is a high need of development of places for healthy communal activities for the public, specifically the youth of Pakistan to bring out their full potential. Scope of work: Developing a master plan. Experimenting with different type of spaces in order to facilitate different emotional and sensory experiences of a person. Other than the feasibility of the project according to the social context, this project is also a live project and is a part of the master plan of Gwadar developed under the supervision of GDA (Gwadar development authority) . Gawadr , A broader perspective Gawadar is said to be the next mega polis of Asia .Its warm waters and other potentials are reason for its hardcore progress. Gwadar is spread over an area of aprox.1.52 million hectares or 15,216 square kilometers. Gwadar is surrounded on the north by Kech and Awaran districts, on the east by Awaran and Lasbela districts, on the south by the Arabian Sea, and on the west by Iran. Geographical position of Gwadar has major standing in the global trade routes. Sea routes leading to Gulf estates and eastern hemisphere of the world passes along Gwadar. Gwadar has all the distinct elements required for this project. It has a very massive water front which is a fatal requirement of this project. It also has scenic views all around it which can be very nicely incorporated into a tourist resort. 8.3-Land Use, Master Plan Phase-I GDA Description Land Allocation Land for Residential Projects 90,500 Acres(Extendable) Land for Commercial Projects 2100 Acres (Extendable) Land for Recreational Projects 13,500 Acres(Extendable) Land for Industrial, desalination plants, Airport, Railway Linkages, and Urban facilities.45,000Acres(Extendable) *Source: GDA As it can be seen in the master plan that the area selected for the project is near to the area allocated for tourism development. It is an advantage which will be fruitful for the facility. In their report about Gadar SMEDA (Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority) states: District Gwadar as a coastal area has rich marine life and present viable opportunity for ecotourism. The district has untouched clear beaches which can be an attractive place for tourism. Kund Malir, Daraan, Asthola Island, beaches of Jewani, Guns and Ormara are some of the most beautiful tourist beaches. Asthola Island is located at a distance of 150 kilometer from Gwadar tehsil. It is an internationally recognized wetland and has numerous species of aquatic creatures. Hingol National Park is the largest natural forest of Asia, coastal highway run for 55 kilometers in the scenic mountains of this natural forest. Hingol National Park is also one beautiful tourist sight Wild life creatures like tigers, Ibex, goats and monkeys are found in this sight. At present, 6 hotels and resorts are operating in Gwadar, a major break through in hotel and tourism industry is the construction of a 5 start Zaver Pearl Continental Hotel at Koh-e- Batill, opposite to Singhar Housing Scheme in Gwadar. Potential exists for development of tourist resort and motels, seafood restaurants, country parks and beach sports recreation facilities. Ecotourism sector can be developed to its potential in Gwadar district as the number of tourist from Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore has remarkably increased due to the construction of coastal highway. There exist a very good opportunity for setting up country parks and other recreational facilities at Gwadar, there is great gap of amusement facilities in Gwadar, and the population requires recreational facilities, easy to mobilize large number of visitors to the facility and spending capability of people of the area. 8.4-Road Network: The creation of the Gwadar deep-sea port is now one part of a larger growth plan which includes construction of a system of road and rail network linking Gwadar with the rest of Pakistan, like the 650 km Coastal Highway to Karachi and the Gwadar-Turbat road (188 km). This system of roads links with China via the Indus Highway. 8.5-Development Projects Oman Oman has proposed $100 million support for the growth of community and infrastructure amenities in Balochistan. From that $100 million, Oman has given $7 million for the runway at Gwadar Airport, building of jetties, constructionof Gwadar Hospital, stipulation of 100 engines to fishermen and for building a power house. Oman is also sponsoring infrastructure of Gwadar-Hoshab Road. 8.6-Air Port: Gwadar has a huge airport for commercial airlines. There is a need for the extension of the airport and improvement of its landing strip to accommodate the landing of larger commercial aircrafts. 8.8-Strategic Importance of Gwadar: C:UsersAdministrator.Admin-PC.001Desktopthesissite1.JPG

Scenario Of Smoking And Cigarettes Health And Social Care Essay

Scenario Of Smoking And Cigarettes Health And Social Care Essay According to Mackay and Eriksen (2002), since early 20th century, when cigarette was first manufactured, there has been a steady increase in the number of cigarette consumers throughout the whole world. Although there are ups and downs in the graph of cigarette consumption level in certain countries, the number of people who smoke around the world continues to rise and more cigarettes are being consumed every day. As the human race populations keep on expanding and become larger, so will the number of smokers in the world. It is expected that at least 2 billion people will live in this planet smoking cigarette by year 2030. The number of people who smokes will continue to increase, even as the prevalence rates drop. Female smokers are growing in numbers, particularly in developing countries, which will fill the gap of decrease in the prevalence rates among male smokers Goddard (2008), in another study found out that from 1974 until 1982, the popularity of smoking in Great Britain had fallen significantly, from 45% to 35%. This decrease however, began to slow down, where for every two years only approximately one percentage of the rate fell down until 1994 to 27%. The general decrease in smoking popularity mentioned above was caused by decline of both light smokers and heavy smokers. Here, light smokers are identified as people who smoke less than 20 cigarettes per day whereas heavy smokers are people who smoke more than 20 cigarettes per day. There has been a decrease on the number of adult smokers who consume average 20 or more cigarettes per day from 1974 to 2006 with the percentage of 26% and 8% respectively. Over the same period, the female smokers also showed a decline in number from 13% to 5%. Meanwhile, in Mexico, a decrease in smoking trends occurred at the offset of 20th century especially on exposure of smoking, daily smoking consumption as well as smoking frequency among the society, especially among men. In addition, smoking popularity and smoking frequency has shown a significant decline particularly among adult smokers in both genders compared to the younger smokers. Nonetheless, men are facing a worse smoking situation compared to women in both mentioned areas. However, during year 2002, it was found out that daily female smokers smoked more cigarettes than men (Franco-Marina, 2007). Surprisingly, in worldwide, nearly one billion men, consists about 35% in developed countries and another 50% in developing countries, are smokers. The rate of male smoking across the world had reached its peak but is slowly declining. Nevertheless, there declining rate is very slow compared to the current effects it has on human. Although more and more researches had been conducted to reveal the negative impacts of smoking, currently the decrease has been slow. In overall, the ones who give up the smoking habit come from those who are educated and so smoking becomes more popular among poorer and less educated man. (Mackay and Eriksen, 2002). Concern over health issues related to tobacco usage is not a new issue. According to Shafey (2003), not only that health concern is increasing, presently the dominance of smoking also began shifting to low-income and middle-income countries especially in many Asian countries (as cited in Parkinson et al., 2009). This is true especially when tobacco usage among human has become a global outbreak. Cigarettes are manufactured with the amount of five and a half trillion for every one year. This is enough to feed everyone on earth about approximately 1,000 cigarettes for each one of them. The largest tobacco consumers identified are Asia, Australia and the Far East with consumption of 2,715 billion cigarettes, before the Americas with 745 billion cigarettes, Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Economies with 631 billion cigarretes and Western Europe with 606 billion cigarettes (Mackay and Eriksen, 2002). Situation in Malaysia however, is slightly different. According to National Health Morbidity Survey (1986 and 1996), the prevalence of smoking among Malaysian adults has increased from 39% to 49% (as cited in Shahidan et al., 2002). National Health and Morbidity Survey (1996) also states the occurrence of tobacco consumption is roughly 24.8% and among all men, 49.2% of them are smokers, whereas for women only 3.5% of them are smoke (as cited in Parkinson et al., 2009). Meanwhile according to statistic in PROSTAR (2007), in 2000 there are 3.6 million smokers in Malaysia and by 2025, it is speculated that the total will increase to 4.6 million (as cited in Kim et al., 2009). Even though currently no clear evidence exists, some survey had identified that smoking among teenagers is increasing nowadays. (Parkinson et al., 2009). However, according to Thambypillai (1985); Shamsuddin Haris (2000); Naing et al. (2004) and Ahmad et al. (1997), there are no significant changes of trends for t eenage smoking. Several surveys done in different regions found out that smoking habit among male teenagers was between 17% to 36% meanwhile for female it was between 1% to 5% (as cited in Lim et al., 2006). 2.1 Reasons for Smoking According to Baker et al. (2002), smokers give almost the same justifications or rationales for smoking. Apparently, majority of them regard smoking activity as a form of relaxation and a way to cope with stress. It is also an addictive habit which presents smokers with good feelings and lessens the bad feelings through the effects of nicotine. In a way smokers consider cigarette as a helpful tool to them although they are aware of its negative effects. This is consistent with the research done by KaÃ…Å ¸ikà §i et al. (2008) in which they stated that smoking is one way for smokers to have pleasure while at the same time relaxing themselves or easing their stress. Moreover, British American Tobacco Malaysia (2010) reported that an important aspect experienced by smokers comes from the pharmacological effect of nicotine a mild stimulant effect not unlike that of caffeine, and a mild relaxing effect. Baker et al. (2002) also stated that serious cigarette smokers are addicted to to bacco, which lead them to smoke heavily whereas light smokers smoke more for social purpose. On the other hand, according to Jarvis (2004), during early adolescent is a period where people like to experiment with smoking due to psychosocial reason. For people who just started smoking, a cigarette is a symbolic way of saying that they are no longer their mothers child and a way of showing that they are mature. Children who have tendency to smoke usually come from environment that promotes smoking culture. Such environment includes situation where family members and peers are smokers or where smoking is considered common in school and in society. They also have tendency to smoke due to their own internal or external conditions such having low self esteem, overweight, psychologically impaired, or having poor achievement at school. Moreover, it is believed that there is a distinguishable pattern among smokers from different gender group. Parkinson et al. (2009), conform to this idea in which the findings of his study revealed that males tend to believe that smoking makes people look more attractive compared to women and see smoking as a mark of being modern. Furthermore, both genders also similarly tend to believe that by smoking they can control their body weight. This finding however contradicts with Western studies by Cavallo (2006), where the data showed that male teenagers do not worry about their weight as much as female teenagers and so are less likely smoke in order to control weight than females (as cited in Parkinson et al., 2009). 2.2 Review of Related Studies The smoking rate for university students is rising gradually in Turkey as well as the world (KaÃ…Å ¸ikà §i et al., 2008). A research by Cooper et al. (2004) said that there is an increase for the rate of smoking in Turkey in which 64% of the increase is among the men and 23% of it is women. Abolfutuoh et al. (1998) states 40% of the students in Education Council are heavy smokers and only 23% of the Medicine Council students smoke. Meanwhile, Kader and Alsadi (2008) found that most of the students are light smokers (50.6%). They also said that students in the medical school tend to smoke less than their friends in other faculties. Surprisingly, a study by Kypri and Baxter (2004) said that the smoking pattern is higher among Maori women than men, in which the women tend to smoke daily. Sharker (2005) in his study about knowledge, attitude and practice on smoking among students and staff in Universiti Putra Malaysia states that 13.7% from respondents who smoke comes from students while 9.9% was comes from the staff. He also found that Indians and Malays were among the highest percentage due to ethnic groups which comprises of 12.7% and 11.6% respectively; meanwhile Hindus and Muslim were among the highest percentage due to religious group which equal to 13% and 11.9% respectively. According to Azlan (2006) in his study on smoking among secondary school students in Kuantan, the smoking percentage was 43%; with 63.5% comes from males and 17.5% comes female. This study is quite similar to the study done by Rapeah et al. (2008) whereby almost half of the respondents in her study on factors influencing smoking behaviours among male adolescents in Kuantan were smokers (45.8%) and Malays were contribute up to 53.1%. A cross-sectional study of 16-year old secondary school students in Kota Tinggi district reported that 29.7% from the respondents were found to be smoking and the highest percentage of male smokers comes from FELDA (Federal Land Development Authority) areas which comprises of more than 50% (Lim et al., 2006). Meanwhile, the study done by Shahidan et al. (2002) on smoking habits among secondary school students in Kedah reported that the average age for smoking and non-smoking groups were 16 years old the research has reveal that the age of onset smoking among respondents began as early as 13 years old. According to KaÃ…Å ¸ikà §i et al. (2008), 40.2% of the final grade students at the AtatÃ…Â ©rk University smoked. 56.5% from that said that they smoke to release tense while 24.6% smoke for pleasure. Abolfutuoh et al. (1998) states that curiosity was the main reason for initiation of smoking among students in medical students at the University College of Medicine and students of the College of Education. There are findings found in a research by Kader and Alsadi (2008) that say the students smoke because it helps them to concentrate as well as calm them down. They also said that students smoke because they also want to cope with stress and social anxieties. Kypri and Baxter (2004) also stated that students smoke because it helps them to relax. According to Shahidan et al. (2002), matured, attractive and classy are among the reasons students start smoking with percentage of 70.0%, 62.2% and 54.0% respectively. Meanwhile, Sharker (2005) found that the main reason for the onset of smoking among students and staff in Universiti Putra Malaysia was just for fun and it was comprises of 54.2%. In addition, Azlan (2006) revealed that the main reason for students to smoke is because of the influences of friends. Rapeah et al. (2008) states that wanted to try received the highest frequency among reasons for smoking with percentage of 68.9% and peer influence follows behind with percentage of 56.1%. Nonetheless, nearly 70% of the respondents disagrees that trendy is the reason for initiating smoking. There are also findings found in a research by Khairani et al. (2007) that say curiosity and peer pressure are the most common reasons for starting smoking with percentage of 69.3% and 51% respectively. On the other hand, the most frequent reason for continuing smoking reported was stress with percentage of 70% followed by addiction with percentage of 49%. KaÃ…Å ¸ikà §i et al. (2008) stated that one of the factors that encourage the students to smoke is the parents of the students. Most of the students who smoke have fathers and brothers who smoke as well. Friends are also one of the factors that lead to smoking habit among the students. These findings are quite similar with the study by Shahidan et al. (2002) which conducted in Kedah. Their research stated that family members and peers who smoke have great influence to students to start smoking. There is twice higher risk for students who come from smoking family to smoke than those who are not. In addition, there are nearly six times higher risks of smoking for student who have peers who are smokers than those who do not have peers who smoke. Same goes to the study by Khairani et al. (2007), which found out significant connection between smoking among family members and teenager smoking. Sharker (2005) reported that the popularity of smoking was linked with race, family, age, religious, economic status as well as peers smoking habits. These findings are consistent with the study done by Azlan (2006) on the prevalence of smoking among secondary school students and its associated factors in the district of Kuantan. Meanwhile, according to Lim et al. (2006), smoking is associated with factors such as having low academic achievement as well as having a lot of close friends and siblings who smoke. Another finding also discovers that respondents who smoke are linked with factors which are attitude towards smoking, type of class stream and having smoking friends (Rapeah et al., 2008). In addition, among the main factors for students to start smoking are showing off, curiosity and pressure from peers (Abolfutuoh et al., 1998).

An Abortion at 28 Days Would Be Harmless! :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

An Abortion at 28 Days Would Be Harmless! Let's examine the fetal development on a daily basis for the first 28 days of life - and then decide whether such an early abortion would be "harmless" or not. Day 1: Fertilization: One little boy begins the first day of his life within his mother's body. At this point, his father's sperm and his mother's egg combine to form a new human being who carries with him as much information as 50 sets of a 33-volume encyclopedia. This genetic information (DNA) will determine all of this little person's physical characteristics and much of his intelligence and personality. (Moore 25, Davis 39, Sadler 3, Gasser 19, Arey 55, Patten 43, Rugh 2-7, Flanagan 41) Day 2: Our little friend is now three cells big. His cells will continue to divide as he starts down his mother's Fallopian tube towards her uterus (womb), where he will get the food and shelter he needs to grow and develop. Day 6-7: Implantation into his mother's uterus begins and all the while he continues to grow. As his cells multiply, they differentiate to perform specific functions-circulatory, muscular, neural and skeletal. Day 14: Implantation is completed around this time and his mother misses her first menstrual period. Day 20: His heart, brain, spinal column, and nervous system are almost complete and his eyes begin to form. Day 22: His heart begins to beat. Day 28: This little boy is now approximately 1/4 inch long - 10,000 times larger than he was only three weeks ago! The blood flowing in his veins is completely different than his mother's. Whoops!! The fetal development stops at this point because the expectant mother has elected to have an abortion after 28 days. Has a human life been destroyed? Abortion actually terminates a human life. Physicians, biologists and scientists testified before Congress that human life begins at conception (fertilization). In Report, Subcommittee on Separation of Powers to Senate Judiciary Committee S-158, it states that "There is overwhelming agreement on this point in countless medical, biological and scientific writings." Every abortion involves, either surgicallly or chemically, the destruction of a human zygote or a human fetus, and the subsequent removal of same from his mother's womb. Therefore, every abortion ends a human life. ("US Congress") WORKS CITED Arey, Leslie B.   Developmental Anatomy. , Philadelphia: W.

Free Essay: Analysis of Sonnet 12 :: Sonnet essays

Analysis of Sonnet 12 When I do count the clock that tells the time, And see the brave day sunk in hideous night: When I behold the violet past prime, And sable curls o'er-silver'd all with white; When lofty trees I see barren of leaves, Which erst from heat did canopy the herd, And summer's green all girded up in sheaves Borne on the bier with white and bristly beard: Then of thy beauty do I question make That thou among the wastes of time must go, since sweets and beauties do themselves forsake, And die as fast as they see others grow; And nothing 'gainst Time's scythe can make defence save breed to brave him when he takes thee hence. This is an enjoyable sonnet that uses nature imagery, found extensively in Petrarca, that Shakespeare uses to get his point across. Not much explication is needed, aside the sustained images of nature, to fully understand its intent, but I would like to point out a peculiar allusion. When reading line 3, "the violet past prime" has made me think of Venus and Adonis. In the end, Adonis melts into the earth and a violet sprouts where his body was, which Venus then places in her heart, signifying the love she has for him. Reading this into the poem makes the few following lines more significant. Having Adonis portrayed as the handsome youth, Shakespeare is alluding to the death of youth (in general and to the young man) through the sonnet. In the next line, it is not certain if "sable" is an adjective or a noun and if "curls" is a noun, referring to hair (which is plausible) or a verb modifying "sable." Invoking the allusion to Adonis here, Shakespeare portends that if Adonis did live l onger, he too would have greying hair; thus, Shakespeare sees ["behold"] an Adonis figure, the young man, past his youth.

The Systematic Investigation Into A Study Of Materials Education Essay

How is the male primary school instructor perceived by male and female pupils? What are the factors act uponing the perceptual experiences of male pupils? What are the factors act uponing the perceptual experiences of female pupils? How make male primary instructors understand/respond to these perceptual experiences? Research can be loosely defined as ‘a signifier of systematic question that contributes to knowledge ‘ .[ 1 ]The Oxford Concise Dictionary defines research as: a. the systematic probe into and survey of stuffs, beginnings, etc. , in order to set up facts and make new decisions. b. an enterprise to detect new or collate old facts etc by the scientific survey of a topic or by a class of critical probe.[ 2 ] Peoples are non cognizant that they are an bizarre result of their development. That development came from their ability to joint their past cognition in any signifier of facts, experiences, premises for physical phenomena, beliefs and their capableness to update and better their former cognition and patterns. These are the grounds that mankind developed communicating accomplishments like literacy, linguistic communication, developed doctrine and invented engineering. ( Best and Kahn 2006: 3, 4 ) . Specifically, Best and Kahn ( 2006: 3, 4 ) maintain that educational research is the tool that instructors use to prove and better their personal patterns in instruction and happen which pattern fits best for them. A definition of educational research is provided by Anthony G. Picciano: ‘Educational research is a careful, systematic probe into any facet of instruction. From the Gallic word ‘recherche ‘ , which means to go through or study. ‘[ 3 ]Cohen and Manion ( 2001 ) province that educational research helps the instructors broaden their information cognition and understand their working environment.The research worker must besides place the most appropriate paradigm in the research literature in order to plan and put to death the enquiry efficaciously. The research worker should take his paradigm carefully in specifying the purposes and intents of his survey.Qualitative ResearchThe research worker had to take between two chief paradigms: either ‘logi cal positivism ‘ or ‘phenomenological enquiry ‘ ( Best and Kahn 2006: 246 ) . Best and Kahn ( 2006: 79 ) argue that the logical-positivism paradigm is used for ‘experimental and quantitative research methods ‘ in instruction. Furthermore, Cohen et Al. ( 2001: 8 ) assert that the logical positivism paradigm expresses ‘the chief belief ‘ that the ‘meaning of a statement is, or is given by the method of its confirmation ‘ . The logical-positivism paradigm is a scientific method applicable for a survey concerned with bing and mensurable cognition, where the research worker is an ‘observer of the societal world ‘ . The results of an enquiry based on that paradigm can be compared with Torahs – like maxims ( Torahs ) that are constructed by natural scientific enquiries based on subjective generalisations and that use the same scientific methods as natural scientific disciplines to explicate the universe. The chief fea tures of this peculiar paradigm are analysis, measuring and subjectiveness ( Cohen et al. 2001: 8 ) . Therefore, the logical positivism paradigm is best applied in a quantitative analysis where the collected information is numerical. In contrast the phenomenological paradigm makes usage of ‘interpretive research methodological analysiss ‘ ( Best and Kahn 2006: 246 ) . This paradigm is best applied to qualitative research methodological analysiss. Erickson ( 1985, cited in Best and Kahn 2006: 246 ) instead uses the term ‘interpretative ‘ , which is ‘the whole household of attacks to participant experimental research ‘ . Bogdan and Biklen ( 2007: 25 ) clear up this by saying that in the ‘phenomenological manner ‘ , research workers try to understand occurrences in the mundane life of common people in particular fortunes: they try to happen out the people ‘s point of position and ‘gain an entry ‘ into their specific environment. The failing of positivism is its inability to look into human behavior successfully, as Cohen et Al. ( 2001: 9 ) underscore. Denscombe ( 2007 ) recommends the usage of the phenomenological paradigm to cover with this failing. Surveies utilizing the phenomenological paradigm by Bogdan and Biklen ( 2007: 25 ) ‘begin with silence ‘ , as the research worker seeks to detect the personal apprehensions of the participants, leting different cognition and assorted perceptual experiences to be given by different participants in the same peculiar state of affairs. With this paradigm a qualitative attack to roll uping and analyzing informations is most appropriate. Here qualitative informations consists chiefly of words instead than Numberss. Patton ( 1990, cited in Best and Kahn 2006: 247 ) asserts that qualitative research uses three ways of roll uping information: ‘in-depth, open-ended interviews, direct observation and written paperss ‘ . On the footing of these considerations I found that the phenomenological interpretive paradigm the most convenient for the intents of this small-scale empirical survey concentrating on pupils ‘ personal perceptual experiences of their male instructors. It will try to cast visible radiation on the thoughts, sentiments and beliefs pupils have sing their male instructors in a Cypriot primary school. Important decisions can be drawn from this survey like the importance of the male instructor in primary school and his existent function as a leader by gender. Therefore, the phenomenological interpretive paradigm was the one chosen for this enquiry.Qualitative attack – Case surveyMy research focuses on pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of male instructors in an anon. Greek-Cypriot primary school. The rational harmonizing to the literature points to the usage of a phenomenological interpretive paradigm, and the survey should be conducted in a qualitative research model. I wi ll utilize qualitative methodological analysis as my survey focuses on kids ‘s perceptual experiences, thoughts, ideas and feelings instead than their public presentation in school. Harmonizing to O'Brien there are five types of qualitative methodological analysis to take from: these are instance survey, grounded theory, phenomenology, descriptive anthropology and historical surveies.[ 4 ]In contrast Flick ( 2006 ) presents four qualitative research methodological analysiss: instance survey, longitudinal survey, comparing survey and eventually retrospective survey. However, this chapter does non mean to spread out and explicate the usage of these schemes as it would be outside the range of this survey. Alternatively, I would prefer to briefly explain and warrant my chosen methodological analysis. The chosen methodological analysis for this survey is ‘case survey ‘ . As Merriam ( 1998 ) , Yin ( 1989 ) and Stake ( 1994 ) ( cited in Bogdan and Biklen 2007: 59 ) explain, it is ‘a elaborate scrutiny of one scene, or a individual topic, a individual depositary of paperss, or one peculiar event ‘ conducted in existent action clip, enabling an analysis of the grounds for and the after-effects of the incident ( Cohen et al. 2001: 181 ) . Supporting the attack of Bogdan and Biklen, Bell ( 2005: 10 ) and Cohen et Al. ( 2001: 181 ) province that one of the strengths of the instance survey is that helps the research worker to cast light ‘in deepness ‘ on a specific facet of the job and allows for generalisation. It is a narrowed and focused research method with a individual model, such as a kid or group of kids, a category or a group of categories, an educational establishment ( Cohen et al. 2001: 181 ) . In my instance, the probe will take topographic point in a school. The intent of my research is to look into in deepness the perceptual experiences by a group of kids of their male instructors in a school environment. I shall carry on the enquiry in existent clip as I am determined to see the school during term clip and gather informations utilizing informations collection tools, such as interviews. Cohen et Al. ( 1984: 184 ) argue that instance surveies allow general regulations to be made from the survey of an ‘instance in action ‘ . In my sentiment, a instance survey would be the most appropriate signifier for my survey as it is ‘strong in world ‘ ( Cohen 2001 ) and will assist me to look into in deepness the existent perceptual experiences of a group of pupils in the mark school in Cyprus. As a non really experient research worker I feel a instance survey will be a really powerful tool appropriate either for new or experient research workers ( Bogdan and Biklen 2007 ) . More specifically Best and Kahn ( 2006: 259 ) argue that a instance survey is a good method of assemblage and showing informations in hunt of the existent truth, and of carry oning an probe which aims to show the existent ‘view ‘ of societal world, as I plan to make.The literature about the instance survey method I have cited makes me recognize that some of the definitions and accounts about its usage fit the range of my research in a precise mode. It is clear that ‘case survey ‘ is ideal as a methodological analysis to observe alone characteristics, which may non be possible to supervise or retain in ‘large-scale informations ‘ surveies, such as those utilizing studies or questionnaires and a non-participant method in general.The instance survey method besides demand s the engagement of the research worker and the sample.My survey examines a fact within the model of a school embodied in the Cypriot educational system. Therefore, its features to the full accord with the features of instance survey methodological analysis. The instance survey methodological analysis does hold some failings, nevertheless, that the research worker should be cognizant of. Because my probe is largely being conducted in existent clip there is non the option of reaching the sample once more to cross-check consequences. Therefore, the consequences of the research could be seen as ‘subjective and biased ‘ , given that the survey is qualitative ( Bell 2005: 11 ; Cohen et al. 2001: 184 ) . In add-on, research workers can be influenced by their ain beliefs and prejudice, so the consequences are influenced by subjectiveness. Although non much can be done to enable cross-checking, the research worker can seek to avoid deformation in the consequences. The research w orker should seek non to be influenced by his ain perceptual experiences and besides non uncover his ain sentiment and thoughts to avoid act uponing those in the sample and to promote them to state what they really think. Another restriction that the research worker should see concerns generalisation. Whilst the instance survey method permits this, it may non be possible as most of the clip the incident under probe is alone and drawn from the life itself ( Bell 2005: 1 ; Cohen et al. 2001: 184 ; Bassey 1999 ) . Denscombe ( 1998: 36-7 ) argues that ‘the extent to which findings from the instance survey can be generalized to other illustrations on the category depends on how far the instance survey illustration is similar to others of its type. ‘ However, the phenomenon I am look intoing is normally found in the literature and amongst academic research workers. It would be possible to reiterate an probe of this kind in the same school or in a different school environment. This should non be a job as Greek-Cypriot schools present uniformity in a figure of factors: pupil beginning and staff turnover and staff instruction. The topic is besides rather typical and, in world, non so alone. General ization in this instance is executable, whilst the consequences of this research can move as a pilot if another research worker wishes to carry on a similar survey. There have been several similar probes of instructors ‘ and pupils ‘ perceptual experiences in Cypriot primary schools. Examples can be found in the Library of the University of Cyprus, ( mentions ) . Research in primary schools has about been a manner in the past 20 old ages Despite the disadvantages, I believe that ‘case survey ‘ is the most appropriate methodological analysis for this state of affairs as it is one of the chief methodological analysiss for a qualitative attack utilizing the coveted paradigm. There are certain methods to put to death the research and roll up the information, which will be presented in the undermentioned subdivision.SampleI have chosen the sample harmonizing to the nature of my survey. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, the sample of the pupil population should non be chosen wholly indiscriminately. In quantitative research the sample is selected indiscriminately with the purpose of garnering informations from the surface of a large population. In a qualitative research model ‘sampling is a deliberate instead than haphazard method of choosing topics ‘ and is important if we want to carry on the research with samples that are more representative of the topic and fortunes ( Cohen et al. 2008 ; Best & A ; Kahn 2006: 25 ) . As this is a instance survey, it should be conducted in the school environmen I chose a primary school on the outskirts of the metropolis. Detailss of the school were non antecedently known to me. The school was chiefly chosen as a affair of convenience and practicality as it is the nearest primary school to the vicinity where my household lives. I was cognizant that some of my household members attended at that place ten old ages ago, but I knew nil else beyond this. I did non hold any personal information about the school besides because I have been abroad for more than eleven old ages. Therefore, I can claim non to be biased against the school. The school is administered by the Ministry of Education, as are most of the schools in Cyprus. All the primary schools in Cyprus are established to educate people of every country to a high criterion. That being said, the people and civilization from topographic point to topographic point can be different. Therefore, there is a scope of schools from those with a homogenous Greek-Cypriot individuality to those with kids whose immigrant backgrounds have small if anything in common with the state, set uping a new civilization which is comparatively unfamiliar to the native Cypriots. Teachers ‘ instruction in Cyprus is considered to be high and, even though instructors may be from different states and universities, their public presentation is purely assessed. Merely those who are qualified, effectual in the schoolroom and undergo uninterrupted appraisal are allowed to rehearse as instructors. As a consequence the chosen school was on a flat playing field with every other school in Cyprus. The sample participants were chosen indiscriminately harmonizing to age. Children that were 7 and 12 old ages old were chosen as an ideal sample. Four kids from the 2nd category ( 2 male childs and 2 misss ) and four kids from the last category ( 2 male childs and 2 misss ) were chosen. Two male childs and two misss were chosen from the 2nd category in order to look into the perceptual experiences of the youngest kids. The 2nd category ( twelvemonth 7 ) was preferred to the first category ( twelvemonth 6 ) as it is non possible for kids from the first category to hold any perceptual experiences about male instructors as they are fledglings to primary schooling. Four students from the 6th category, the concluding category of the primary instruction system ( twelvemonth 12 ) , were chosen in order to happen out the perceptual experiences of the older school kids. In order to accomplish cogency I sought the same proportion of male childs and misss ( 4 + 4 ) ( Bell 1999 ) . Four instruct ors participated in the survey: two male instructors and two female instructors. Their age or length of service was non so much an issue, although it was of import they were non fledglings. The male instructors were chosen in order to happen out how they thought they are perceived by their pupils. The female instructors were interviewed about how they think the pupils perceive their male instructors. Useful comparings could be drawn subsequently in the analysis. I had to obtain mandate from the disposal office of the country, the Director General of Education, Mrs Zena Pouli, and the blessing of the Ministry of Education. The principal of the school had to be informed about the yearss and times of the research and allow me carry on the research. Despite the disadvantages, I believe that ‘case survey ‘ is the most appropriate methodological analysis for this state of affairs as it is one of the chief methodological analysiss for a qualitative attack under the coveted paradigm. There are certain methods to put to death the research and roll up the information, which will be presented in the undermentioned subdivision.Data Collection ToolsMy informations will be gathered utilizing a qualitative attack and ( analysed/assessed ) harmonizing to the interpretive paradigm. The purpose of the research is to garner the thoughts, perceptual experiences and positions of the participants, both kids and instructors, so the usage of qualitative tools is indispensable. The chief research tools used in my survey are interview and observation. The usage of both interview and observation are the two of the three major methods for garnering informations. These three methods are ‘asking inquiries ( and listening intently to the replies ) , detecting events ( and observing carefully what happens ) and reading paperss ‘ ( Bassey 1999: 81 ) . Both methods were used together because they offered a agencies for cross-checking informations: what people say they think or do may non be the same as what they really do ( Robson 2002: 310, cited in Cohen et Al. 2007: 396 ) . By observation the research worker can look into if the thoughts and perceptual experiences of the sample are the same as what the sample studies in the interviews. Therefore, I argue that the usage of both tools helped me derive a better thought of what is go oning in pattern and topographic point actions the sample may non be cognizant of cited in ( Foster 1996 ) .ObservationObservation is one of the characteristic tools for garnering information in instance surveies. Case surveies aim to ‘observe ‘ an single unit, a group of people, an establishment or a larger group of people. Research by observation in a qualitative model is defined by Best and Kahn ( 2006: 264 ) and Basey ( 2005 ) as a digest of ‘detailed notation of behaviors, events, and the context environing the events and behaviours ‘ . Harmonizing to Cohen et Al ( 2007: 258 ) , the intent of observation is to ‘probe profoundly and to analyze intensively the many-sided phenomena that constitute the life rhythm of the unit with a position to set up generalisations about the wider populations ‘ . Cohen et Al. ( 2007: 396 ) further argue that observation gives the research worker a opportunity to roll up ‘live informations ‘ from reliable societal state of affairss. Therefore, it is preferred for the research worker to utilize this powerfull excessively to analyze events and collect the relevant information first-hand instead than from a secondary beginning. The research worker besides needs to choose the sort of the observation method to be used as they vary in footings of construction and the participatory function of the research worker. I opted for semi-structured, non-participant observation, as I did non mean to take portion in events. The semi-structured method was employed for this resea rch because some issues were still unfastened, despite the focal point of the research and look intoing factors being clear. The research worker had an thought of a figure of things that he wanted to detect, but he did non cognize what else to anticipate. Therefore, a semi-structured observation provided the research worker with the freedom to descry and enter inside informations that otherwise would hold been overlooked or omitted cited in Denscombre ( 2007 ) .New ChankAny observation research that has a sort of construction it is besides be scheduled cited in Bell ( 2006: 188 ) and Descombre ( 2007 ) . Denscombre ( 2007: 210 ) moreover argues that the research worker will happen the ‘certain things ‘ , seek and worth of inclusion for in his docket. The same author highlight the importance of the absence of subjectiveness in the observation where it is gained by the systematic scheduled observation. Thus it is cited that the ever limited clip can be arranged by the agenda and assist the research worker to remain focused on the issues that the observation is held for cited in Denscom ( 2007: 214 ) . The research worker besides intends to utilize the non-participant theoretical account as he plans non to take part as an perceiver. His purpose is to insulate the personal perceptual experiences of the pupils to their male instructors so there is non any topographic point of him as a participant which any effort of being take part could act upon the behaviour of the pupils and so bias the information, The research worker as Denscombe ( 2007: 214 ) suggests, purposes to do his present every bit discreet as possible. This will add to the cogency because the research worker will be more objectivite to the jadgement of any facts that they will happen as an 3rd individual instead as an participant. Whilst the research workers must hold in head that the thirster he stays in the schoolroom and being seeable, ‘the more their presence is taken for granted and the less they have any important consequence on continuing ‘ . Therefore it is of import that the perceiver should give so me clip to the schoolroom environment to acquire usage of his ‘discreet ‘ nowadays and after he is assure that he is recognized so he should get down the observation. In order to avoid any errors or skips the research worker programs to fly the observation and add to the agenda. To make more cogency the research worker programs to inquire the sentiment of his supervisor and one of the instructors. Besides he will demo the information to one of the instructors and the supervisor in order to look into them and state their sentiment on them.InterviewsTraveling farther the research worker had chosen the usage of the Interviews as a tool. Aiming to garner qualitative informations about percpeptions, emotions thoughts and analyse them interview as a tool seemed good plenty for the intents of this survey. The research worker must aware though that despite they do non look like something more than an preservation, they ‘involve a set of premises and apprehensions about the state of affairs which are non usually associated with a insouciant conversation ‘ able to bring forth usefull information for any enquiry, Denscombre ( 1983 ) , Silverman ( 1985 ) , ( cited in Denscobre ( 2007: 173 ) ) . Therefore despite interview is a sort of construction preservation there is besides a protocol that must be followed. There is common consent between the interviewee and the interviewer in an official meeting and the recording is non secret in any manner. Besides the informations are merely for the record and the schedulule. Thus the issues to be discussed are set by the research worker, Denscombe ( 2007:174 ) . Merely naming the usage of the Interview as a method is non plenty as there are different types of research Interview. Harmonizing to Denscombe ( 2007: 175 ) there are the constructions interviews the semistructured and Unstrructured interviews. Cohen ( 2007:355 ) besides add the non-directive interview and the focussed interview. In fact Cohen et Al ( 2007:352 ) argues that in the literature are mentioned many different types of interview! . The semistructured – interview, one-to one interview was selected as the purpose of this survey is to hold an indeapth thought of the perceptual experiences of the pupils but in a research model. Despite that the research worker has a clear que of inquiries to be answered in the semistryctured interview will be ready to allow the samples expand their thoughts where is appropriate. The one-to one interview, the most common of the variaties of semi-structured interviews, was selected as it is easy to put, control and garner the informations as each clip is merely one individual to interviewee. Descambe ( 2007:177 ) Unstructured interview was avoided as an option as it require clip and the technique was looked irregular as it dictate the expand of an issue from the sample without any counsel at all! ! Structured interview as a method besides rejected as it does n't roll up the autonomy to the sample to state any of his thoughts. It is tide and the samples have to reply inquiries that the replies are limited. Descambe ( 2007: 175 ) . Therefore it is non appropriate at all as the research aims to garner reliable perceptual experiences instead than allow the participants to reply inquiries with preschelued limited options. I will state what I did subsequently what I did in the research.New Chank 2Datas Analysis‘There is no individual or right manner to analyse and show the information ; how one does it should stay by the issue of fittingness to aim ‘ ( Cohen et al 2007:461 ) . The qualitative informations analysis may be ‘detailed and rich ‘ though the process is really heavy and painfull due to the multiple readings that the research worker should do to bring forth his analysis, doing this process the research workers ‘glory ‘ and besides ‘headache ‘ together, cited in Cohen et Al ( 2007:461 ) . The research worker will categorise the informations from interview written texts and notes along with the issues that he is look intoing. Then the research worker programs to interpet the information with the literature reappraisal findings. Ethical Issues: Ethical issues are compiled in this research survey as and in all the enquiries. The survey was applied from blessing from the Ministry of Eduacation of the state and the General Director of the Education. Along the principal had to be informed about the research and take his blessing excessively. The parents should besides be informed about the research as the mark of the research is to interview and observe kids. The sample of the instructors should besides hold to take part. One of the most of import issues is to allow the privateness of the participants for grounds of ages or by their petition. This issue it can be addressed by namelessness and confidentiality, cited in Cohen et Al ( 2007: 64,65 ) . The individuality of the participants is unbroken hidden as the reference and the name of the school. Though the samples have non objection to give their existent informations to the section of Education to the University of Leicester as long that they will non print. Refering that th e research worker has to cover with kids particular manner of attack should be study particularly when they are interviewed.

New Historicism: The Wasteland Essay

T.S. Eliot’s highly influential 433-line modernist poem is perhaps the most famous and most written-about long poem of the twentieth-century. Eliot’s composition brings forth a reader to understand the work through its historical context and to understand cultural and intellectual history through this piece of literature, which documents the new discipline of the history of ideas. In other words, The Waste Land is subject to New Historicism to further understand the text of the poem and its relevance to history. T.S. Eliot’s poem, The Waste Land, was published in October of 1922. The 1920’s and 1930’s are often known as the interwar period. The decades were profoundly shaped by the dislocations of World War I and then the mounting crisis that led to World War II. These were decades of considerable dislocation in the West. Revolutionary regimes in several societies provided another source of change. New, authoritarian political systems were another r esponse to crisis, particularly after the Great Depression, in several parts of the world. All of this occurred even as resistance to European imperialism was mounting (Davies 938). In addition, the 1920’s was marked by major patterns. One of the first major patterns, Western Europe recovered from World War I incompletely, particularly in economics and politics. Cultural creativity was important, and several social developments marked real innovation. But political and economic structures and European diplomacy as well, rested on shaky foundations. World War I quickly shattered the confidence many Europeans had maintained around the turn of the twentieth-century. Although the ultimate effects of World War I involved Europe’s world position, the war also brought tremendous dislocation within Europe. Though some of the damage was quickly repaired, much of the damage persisted for the subsequent two decades. The key battlegrounds for four bloody years had been in Europe. The sheer rate of death and maiming, as well as the frustration of long periods of virtual stalemate, had had a devastating material and psychological impact on the European combatants. More than ten million Europeans had died. Vast amounts of property had been destroyed. Most governments had failed to tax their populations enough to pay for the war effort-lest they weaken domestic support-so huge debts accumulated, leading to inflationary pressure even before the war was over. Key prewar regimes were toppled when the German emperor abdicated and the Habsburg Empire collapsed (Rich 138). Interestingly enough, in the first part of Eliot’s The Wasteland, the German words â€Å"Bin gar keine Russin, stamm’ aus Litauen, echt deutsch ( Eliot, I. 12)† are spoken. The English translation is â€Å"Ià ¢â‚¬â„¢m not Russian at all; I come from Lithuania, a true German.† Both prior to and after these words are spoken, it is revealed that these are autobiographical fragments of a woman who not only recalls sledding in her childhood, but explicitly states that she is German and not Russian by any means. As stated in the previous paragraph, the Habsburg family was in no doubt defeated. These spoken words are important if the woman is a member of the spoken defeated Austrian family, although it is not ever revealed. Following World War I, Lithuania experienced the influence from the Soviet Union. The country of Lithuania was originally part of German territory until the post-war demands led to the partition of Lithuania from Germany and therefore, fell under control of the Soviet Union. The first section of The Waste Land can be seen as a dramatic monologue. The speakers in this section are seemingly frantic with their need to speak and to find an audience, but they ultimately find themselves surrounded by dead people, like in wars. Because this section is so short and the situations are somewhat confusing, the effect is not an overwhelming impression of a single character. Instead, the reader is left with the feeling of being confined in a crowd and unable to find an individual who appears to be familiar. This type of situation can be seen in any war when individuals are thrusted on the war front. During World War I, to protect themselves from the withering firepower of the artillery and machine guns of the opposing armies, British and German soldiers began to dig into the ground during and after the clashes along the Marne. Soon northern and western France was crisscrossed by miles and miles of entrenchments that frustrated- with staggering levels of dead and wounded-all attempts to break the stalemate between the opposing forces until well into 1918. The almost unimaginable killing power of the industrial technology wielded by the opposing European armies favored the defensive. Devastating artillery, the withering fire of machine guns, barbed wire barriers, and the use of poison gas turned the Western Front into a killing ground that offered no possibility to decisive victory to either side. The carnage reached unimaginable levels, with the Germans losing 850,000 men, the French 700,000 men, and the British over 400,000 in the single year of 1916 on just the Western Front (Davies 925). In so many ways, the war in Europe was centered on the ongoing and senselessness slaughter in the trenches. Levels of dead and wounded that would have been unimaginable before the war rose ever higher between 1915 and 1918. They were all the more tragic because neither side could break the stalemate; hundreds of thousands were killed or maimed to gain small patches of ground that were soon lost in counterattacks. Years of carnage made all too evident the lack of imagination to utter incompetence of most of the generals on both sides of the conflict. Few understood that mass assaults on mechanized defenses had become suicidal at this point in the industrial age. The aged officers in the higher commands and overmatched politicians soon demoted or dismissed those who sought to find creative ways out of the trench morass. With much of this history in perspective, T.S. Eliot conveys the destruction, or moreover, the aftermath of the first world war (Davies 952). The description Eliot gives in the second part of his poem, â€Å"The Fire Sermon†, â€Å"White bodies naked on the low damp ground and bones cast in a little low dry garret (Eliot, 193-194).† Although these two lines may be taken in a different context, from a reader’s perspective, one may conclude the title The Waste Land, deriving from this image. As discussed in the previous paragraph, the image of dead bodies and the bodies of the wounded in the trenches describes what appears to be a waste land. In many senses, Eliot also conveys some sort of anger. As the war dragged on without any sign that decisive victories could be won by either side, soldiers at the fronts across Europe grew resentful of the civilians back home. Their anger was focused on political leaders who cheered them on from the safety of the sidelines far to the rear. But the soldiers were also disturbed, more generally, by the patriotic zeal and insensitivity of the civilian populace, which had little sense of the horrors they were forced to endure at the front. In fact, the commitment of the civilians behind the lines and their hatred for the enemy was usually far more pronounced than that of the soldiers actually in combat (Roberts 911). Each of the powers remained able to mobilize ever larger numbers of soldiers and military resources, despite growing food shortages and privations on the homefronts. The governments responded by rationing resources and regulating production to head off potentially crippling labor disputes (Roberts 914). Eliot’s The Waste Land offers the reader a close depiction of the social turmoil that the European continent was in following the horrific World War I. Moreover, this poem, in many senses, is a reflection of personal emotions, and as a spiritual quest pertaining to Christian tenets. Any individual would conclude that after experiencing or witnessing horrific war events, a person of any caliber would be experiencing many emotions such as depression, anger, frustration, and fear, to name a few. It is not to assume T.S. Eliot was inspired to write the poem The Waste Land based on actual war events. Instead, this poem, as stated earlier, is a good depiction of what society was like through Eliot’s point of view. The Waste Land ultimately went on to record a hodgepodge of facts, ideas, superstitions, and interests born during the ordeal. This poem epitomizes the thoughts and feelings of the survivors of the World War I and post-World War I generation. Works Cited Barzun, Jacques. From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life. New York City: HarperCollins Publishers, 2000. Davies, Norman. Europe, A History: A Panorama of Europe, East and West, From the Ice Age to The Cold War, from The Urals to Gibraltar. New York City: First HarperPerennial, 1998. Eliot, T.S.. The Waste Land. In A Norton Critical Edition, Michael North, ed. New York City: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2001. Rich, Norman. â€Å"The Habsburg Empire, 1790-1918.† Political Science Quarterly 87(1972): 137-138 Roberts, J.M.. The New History of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.