Soc Week 4 Paper Free Essays

Week 4 Assignment 1 Soc 100 July 29, 2012 In this paper I will be discussing the article â€Å"Study of delinquent, diverted, and high-risk adolescent girls: Implications for mental health intervention†. I will start by giving a brief summary of the article I have chosen. Followed by discussing the type of article this is and my conclusion I have drawn form the information found in this article. We will write a custom essay sample on Soc Week 4 Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lastly I will discuss how this article fits into our sociology class as well as how this article differs from non-scholarly periodicals The article begins by describing the issue of increasing numbers of adolescent girls being entered into our nation’s juvenile judicial system. The study aims to assess the most common risk factors that are affecting adolescent girls being entered into the juvenile judicial system. It also aims to find the effectiveness of the prevention factors in place to keep adolescents out of the system. For the study a survey was administered over the course of nine months to a hundred and fifty-nine adolescent girls. These adolescent girls were broken into three categories delinquent, diverted and high-risk. Delinquent girls are the girls that have been entered in the juvenile justice system in some form ranging from home care to a penitentiary. The diverted girls group consists of girls that have engaged in behaviors that have brought them to the attention of the juvenile justice system but instead of being entered into the judicial system were referred to some form of community-based services. Lastly is the high-risk group which are girls are receiving services in programs as a result of problems or behaviors that have them at risk of involvement with the juvenile justice system. The risk factors assessed included delinquent behavior, experiences of discrimination, negative life events, child trauma such as abuse or neglect, depression and suicide attempts just to name a few. Some of the protective factors assessed included mental health services used, positive school experiences, positive peer involvement and rational coping behaviors. The results from the surveys provided the information that on average the girls in all program types reported mild to moderate levels of depression, but girls in closed residential juvenile justice placement were significantly more depressed than girls involved in the home-based programs. Another surprising result was that nearly one third of the total sample had reported that they have considered suicide. In almost every scenario girls in closed residential juvenile justice placement experienced higher numbers in child trauma, negative age and peer relations, delinquent behavior etc. he only factor that all the girls represented similar experiences were in the form of discrimination. All girls reported some form of discrimination but no one group reported increased amounts. This article is a combination of previous research and new data because though this research added the element of high risk adolescents there has been previous research done dealing with delinquents and diverted adolescents. I also like the article stated find the research to be incomplete in that no true definitive conclusions can be drawn from the limited samples taken solely in this study. From this article I believe that there should be more focus on understanding the risk factors that contribute to delinquency in adolescents. I also believe there should be more preventive programs in place to help promote proper mental health for our adolescents which I believe will lead to less adolescents in our juvenile judicial system. Though we may not be able to stop the predisposed risk factors such as impoverished conditions, having unstable family systems, living in multiple out-of-home placements we can change the programs in place to better support adolescents in these situations. I believe this article enforces the concepts we have learned in chapter five on socialization. This article proves how much early childhood experiences and the family element play a role in development of adolescents. I believe more research in the mental development of underprivileged adolescents needs to be done. I am a firm believer that there are not enough programs in place to aid underprivileged children in this country and that we take too much of a one size fits all approach in development of our adolescents. Research like this proves there are mental development differences dependent on your upbringing and early family element and more work needs to be done to aid these adolescents. From my experience I generally find the material in scholarly periodicals has more reliable information than non-scholarly periodicals. I find that the scholarly periodicals are usually written by or reported by the people actually performing the research. Non-scholarly periodicals are generally written for the general public and usually are a summary of information found elsewhere. I find both scholarly and non-scholarly periodicals to be very similar in many aspects simply because the main goal is to get the information out. This being said it not uncommon to find flashy titles or distinguishing fonts to help draw and audience. I believe this paper provides a clear explanation of the concepts expressed in the article as they pertain to adolescent girls involved in the juvenile judicial system. From the results of the study I believe that it is clear that this is a rising issue and without a push to better the situation it will only get worse. Work Cited: Ruffolo, Mary C. , Sarri, Rosemary. , Goodkind, Sara.. â€Å"Study of delinquent, diverted, and high-risk adolescent girls: Implications for mental health intervention. † Social Work Research 4(2004):237. eLibrary. Web. 29 Jul. 2012. How to cite Soc Week 4 Paper, Papers

Hardships of Southern Sharecropping Essay Example For Students

Hardships of Southern Sharecropping Essay For many people in the 1930s living conditions were not asadequate as they needed to be. The stock market had just crashedin 1928, and the US was in the midst of the Great Depression. Many people suffered from lack of money, and many others sufferedfrom lack of food. One group of people who suffered greatlyduring this time period were the southern share croppers. Factors that caused the substandard living conditions of thesouthern share croppers in the 1930s include lack of education,poor health care, and inadequate living facilities. The first factor that caused the substandard livingconditions of the southern share croppers was their lack ofeducation. There were several reasons the share croppers didntget the education they needed. One main reason was because manychildren didnt go to school. Harold Walker writes that Southerncotton states ranked lower in rate of attendance for each studentenrolled than any of the other states in the nation (4). Afactor that contributed to this was their excessive mobility,which inhibited many children from going to school (Corder 27). It is common knowledge that any child who constantly moves aroundwill not be able to attend school on a regular basis, and even ifthey go to a school when they get a chance they will be so farbehind they would have a difficult time catching up. Anotherfactor that impeded on a childs attendance at school was thefact that they never went to school when there was cotton to bepicked (Walker 8). This may not seem like a large task, but sometimes it coul d take weeks to pick all the cotton. These fewweeks that a child spent picking cotton was valuable learningtime, and missing it could put a child too far behind to catchup. Another reason share croppers didnt get the education theyneeded was because many southern rural schools had short terms(Gentry 21). Because of this teachers would not be able to coverall of the material that they needed to cover, or they would haveto rush through the material they did cover. A final reason theeducation of the southern cotton states was not as good as otherstates was because their teachers were not as good. This wasreflected in the fact that the salaries of Southern teachers werenot as high as the salaries of other teachers (Mckeon 98). Backin the 1930s the higher a teachers salary was the higher theirquality and training was (Mckeon 98). This meant that whenchildren did go to school they did not get adequate teaching. Because of all of these reasons education of the Southern cottonstates was at an all time low. The children were not getting theeducation they needed, so they were forced to work thesubstandard jobs such as sharecropping. This meant that theirchildren would not get the education they needed, either. It wasa cycle that led to the lowering of the general living conditionsof southern share croppers, but lack of education was not theonly factor that lowered the living conditions of the shareAnother reason the living conditions of the southern sharecroppers were so low was because they had poor health care. Tobegin with the tenant farmers did not eat in a healthy manner. Mckeon writes that many tenant farmers in the South said thatgarden vegetables, milk, butter, and eggs were never a part oftheir diet (116). One of the main things that they did eat wassowbelly, a fat salty pork (Walker 33). Because they ate sopoorly it was hard for them to stay healthy. Another healthconcern of the tenant farmers was that their clothing was verycoarse and not warm enough (Gentry 38). Many of the men woredenim overalls and the women wore cheap cotton and homemadeunderwear, if any at all (Gentry 38). Wearing clothing like thiscould be very hard on a person during the winter months, andcould easily lead to diseases such as the flu or pneumonia. These diseases were hard for the poor sharecroppers to combatbecause it was hard for them to afford any medication, if therewere any medications at all to help them out. Another diseasethat plagued the southern sharecroppers was typhoid fever (Gentry31). This disease was spread through contaminated wells and tooka heavy toll on the life and energy of a person (Gentry 31). Malaria, which led to several fatalities, was also a seriousproblem for the tenant farmers (Corder 98). It was a majorproblem for many of the unfitting men, and the men who workedlong energetic hours (Corder 98). With all of these healthhazards it was hard for the southern share croppers to stayhealthy. To make the problem even worse there were not eno ughhealth care facilities to take care of the sick. Walker writesthat in the 1930s there was an average of 210 persons perhospital bed in the south, while the national average was only120 (10). This led to many overcrowded hospitals, and many timesthe sick had to be sent home and took care of there. The badthing about this was that the disease could be spread around thefamily, and soon around the community because there was nothingto contain it. Because of this the living conditions of thesouthern sharecroppers continued to decline, and it became harderand harder for them to make a better life for themselves. .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d , .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d .postImageUrl , .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d , .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d:hover , .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d:visited , .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d:active { border:0!important; } .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d:active , .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub81e63ec6dd8daef1757bd07420fab5d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: On the Human Experience and Tradition Essay Another major problem many of the southern sharecroppersfaced was poor housing. In many cases the houses of the southernsharecroppers were in horrid condition. Walker writes that manyof the houses were huts on the verge of collapsing (17). Many ofthese huts were on the verge of collapsing into the water thatsurrounded them (Walker 4). To get to these houses surrounded bywater logs were placed in a makeshift manner, and it was verydangerous to cross (Walker 4). A misplaced foot or a slipperylog could easily have led to a severe injury, or maybe evendeath. The surrounding water could have also been an easy placefor diseases, or dangerous animals to manifest, yet creatinganother health problem for the tenant farmers. Houses for thesouthern share croppers of this time were usually only two orthree rooms, which made it almost impossible for anyone to haveprivacy or decency (Walker 87). The close living conditions alsomade it easier for germs to spread, which meant that when oneperson in a family got sick the rest of the family got sick alongwith them. The construction of these shacks that the tenantfarmers lived in was also very poor. In many cases the roofswere leaky (Walker 40). In other cases the houses were nevereven painted, which meant that the houses were more susceptibleAfter looking back at the way the southern sharecropperslived it is easy to see that their way of life was well belowwhat is considered decent. These tenant farmers were plaguedwith disease, they lacked a thorough education, and they lived inwretched little shacks that were well below societys standards. It was hard for the sharecroppers to get out of this way of life,though, because they had little money, and their education wasBibliography:

Childhood Obesity in the Contemporary American Society

According to American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry report of 2008, obesity is an increased body mass resulting from fat accumulation in a child’s body, which may cause health dangers to the child. Recent living conditions have resulted to an increase in malnutrition disease. Among the children, obesity is one of health condition that has been caused by the lifestyle that people are continually adopting (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Childhood Obesity in the Contemporary American Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To determine the whether a child is obese or not, there are some age expectations that are set and pegged to a certain age that a health child is likely to be having. If the child weight is higher than the given age, with a percentage of over 20% then to child is considered as obese. Child obesity has been o n the rise especially in modern societies where eating habits have changed. The medical condition can be prevented through simple practices and changing of eating habits (McNair, 2009). Children obesity statistics The Unites States of America is believed to be having the highest number of obese children; health officials have observed that there are 23million obese or overweight children in the country, the obese children falls in the ages of between of two years and nineteen years (World Health Organization, 2011). Obese children are not healthy and are at the risk of developing diseases later in life or at tender age. According to CRC Health Group website 2000, 19% of children aged between the ages of 2-11 were obese and 17 % of those aged 12-17 years were obese (Institute of Medicine, 2004). In the world ranking, united states records the highest number of obese children in the world. Between 1999 and 2004, the rate of child obesity has increased for 15.1 to 18.1%; these are chil dren of the ages 6-11. According to institute of medicine report published in 2005, it was estimated that there are approximately 9 million children in United States. The concern for the increase was brought about by increase in diseases that are related to the condition among them diabetes type two. The reports blame parents of lack of control over their children habits but were quick to point out the influence that junk food joint have on the children (Waters, Seidell Swinburn, 2010). Causes of obesity among the Americans A number of factors can be blamed for the occurrence of obesity in children; there is no one single thing that can be blamed on an individual however in most cases, the condition appear when two or more such factors play their role, the following are the main factors:Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Genetic and hormonal McNair, 2009, states that pe ople have different biological making; genetic and hormonal factors influences how bodies accumulate fats on the body; where some people have the tendency of accumulating more fat than other peoples accumulate. When child has a higher tendency of fat accumulation, then chances of becoming obese are high. This cause is the hardest to control however if parents act consciously of this factor, then they can check foods taken by a child to reduce chances of obesity in their children. Familial and nutritional Closely related to genetic factors, some families have the tendency of accumulating more fat than others accumulate, as much as this may be from biological making, it has been influenced greatly by the behavior within a family. Obesity can be seen to run down a family, because of diet and nutritional issues in the family setting. If a family engages in inappropriate eating habits, then children in the family are likely to suffer from obesity (Paxton, 2006). Psychological and physiol ogical factors Children as they grow develop some food likings, when they have the cash to buy the foods, then they are likely to eat junk that might cause a higher consumption of fats causing obesity. Lifestyle adopted by modern children Modern foods, mostly junk foods are freely available for children; this has resulted to a changed eating habits to such foods that increasing the rate of child obesity. In the United States, there are a number of junk foods outlets where children can buy junk food with or without their parents (Ben-Sefer, Ben-Natan Ehrenfeld, 2009). On the other hand, children are now engaging more in in-house games using computers, video games, and television, they do not have the chance to exercise their body and muscles, and this increases their chances of being obese since they do not burn calories they have consumed (Bascetta, 2005). Dangers brought about by obesity According to Paxton, Donahue, Orlean and Grisso, 2006, there are different dangers that come w ith being obese; when a child has a lot of fat deposit in the body, there is a lot of sodium deposited in the body. The resultant is an increased blood volume that increases the rate of blood pressure; increased blood pressure force the heart to work harder a factor that is likely to cause high blood pressure. Children suffering from high blood pressure have their life hampered as they can hardly enjoy their childhood, youthfulness and sometimes it has an effect in adult life.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Childhood Obesity in the Contemporary American Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When the body has excess fat deposits, there is a high resistance to insulin. When this happens, the body lacks the energy that it requires to maintain at equilibrium. The resultant is type 2 diabetes; diabetes is one of the most dangerous diseases that the world is trying to fight, it is a disease that cannot be cured through managed through daily injections. When there is heavy weight exerted joint and cartilage, there are high chances that the weight will lead to Osteoarthritis, and this offers lifelong complications. The worst medical condition that a person develops from being obese is cancer (Paxton, Donahue, Orleans, Grisso, 2006). Measures that the United States can take to reverse the obesity trends within their country It is better to prevent than cure, obesity can be prevented in the county through the intervention of policy makers, parents and other stakeholders. To address the issue of obesity in the society, the county health department has the role of enforcing rules and regulations as well as creating awareness to the people on how they can change their eating habits for the benefits of their children. The country should ensure that children have enough playing ground, at school or village level so as they can use plays to exercise their bodies. Parents and junk food joints should be held responsible of children health; this can be through regulations that control advertisement of junk foods in the county and ensuring fresh and health foods are sold in the joints (Koplan, Liverman, Kraak, 2005) Every country should have a legislation that aimed at addressing the issue of obesity; it should; Parent’s sensitization on good feeding process to their children, this will be offended in pregnancy clinic where feeding mechanisms of a child before birth and after both will be advocated. Creating awareness on the dangers brought about by being obese, both children and adults obesity: knowledge is power thus when embarked on, it is likely to make people change their behavior Develop guiding brochures to be given alongside birth notification certificate to newborn. The brochures will advise the parent on right feeding process that he should adopt; the material offered should be a method of aggressive anti-obese campaigns Incorporate obesity cases in heal th insurance policies: this will assist the country suffering population to get proper medical attention for general improvement of their conditions To attain the above objectives, there is need for corporation among all stakeholders involved. Parents should be given the mandate of ensuring that theory children are fed in the right way, they should ensure that food eaten by a child whether when with the parent or not is the right kind (Koplan, 2007). Conclusion Children obesity continues to be a challenge to the Americans; to get a remedy for the disease, the government, parents, communities, and patients should join efforts and promote healthy eating habits. At all lengths, junk foods and foods with high fat /oil contents should be avoided; the government has the role of controlling fast food and restaurants businesses. Outdoor activities should also be promoted to ensure that children use the calories they consume in foods. Parents should train their children right eating habits from infancy.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2008). Obesity in children and teens. Web. Bascetta, C. (2005). Childhood Obesity: Most Experts Identified Physical Activity and The Use of Best Practices as Key to Successful Programs. Boston: DIANE Publishing. Ben-Sefer, E., Ben-Natan, M., Ehrenfeld, M. (2009). Childhood obesity: current literature, policy and implications for practice. International Nursing Review, 56(2), 166-173. Koplan, J. (2007). Progress in preventing childhood: How do we measure up? New York: National Academies Press. Koplan, J., Liverman, C., Kraak, V. (2005). Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in The Balance. New York: National Academies Press. McNair, T. (2009). Childhood obesity. BBC Corporation. Web. Paxton, C., Donahue, E. Orleans, T., Grisso, J. (2006). Why should we care about?  childhood obesity? Web. Paxton, C. (2006). Childhood Obesity: The Future of Children. New York: Brookings Institutions Press. Waters, E. Seidell, J Swinb urn, B. (2010). Preventing Childhood Obesity: Evidence  Policy and Practice. New York: John Wiley and Sons. World Health Organization. (2011). Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. Web. This research paper on Childhood Obesity in the Contemporary American Society was written and submitted by user Harmony Stone to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Web Design for Selling Self

Web Design for Selling Self Introduction This is a report about a Web site design for selling self-published books. The site provides various books in various aspects of healthy living. Users can download the e-book at a fee.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Web Design for Selling Self-Published Books specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many writers have resorted to self-publishing and there is a growing demand for an online business to sell such books. Selling digital books on the Web site has become profitable because of the large market throughout the world and a lack of physical inventory. The owner also has an option of conducting the business from any part of the world with the Internet connection. The e-books shall be useful to users and affect their living habits. Goal Definition The aim of this project is to create a Web site for selling self-published books that will attract younger generations who have interests in various topics ab out. The Web site should have more than 500 visitors in a month. Requirements The need to sale self-published books has increased with the development and accessibility of the Internet technologies. The Web site shall use effective payment options that are available in various parts of the world than what other businesses offer. The Web site shall have the following requirements in order to ensure professional services to visitors and users (Eccher 30).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The visitor can start by browsing the available e-books on the subject of interest. The site may also suggest other books of interest for the visitor. Visitors who are members of the Web site can log in their accounts by using their user name and password. New users can register new accounts at the Web site at no cost. However, users who wish not to register may explore the avail able e-books, but they cannot purchase any item from the site. Users who have logged into their accounts can place their orders by specifying the required e-books, the number of copies needed and other important details, and then adding them to the cart. The system shall verify order details and provide the customer with the amount to pay for the items. In case of any challenge, the system instructs the user to change some of the details. The customer may repeat the process until no more challenges can be noticed. The system shall also verify that the customer has placed the right order, check the quality of the e-book. The customer will also specify the format of the e-book and the type of file (such as PDF, html, rtf,.doc etc). The customer may then execute the payment of the items by entering the appropriate payment details. The system shall support different options lack credit cards, VISA, PayPal, and other e-pay solutions. Prices of all items shall be in the US dollar equivale nt. The system must verify all payment details and establish the user’s identity in order to protect customers. Once the customer has executed the payment, he or she will receive a confirmation message through notification border in the account, personal e-mail, and phone number. In addition, the system sends the message to the department to effect the transaction.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Web Design for Selling Self-Published Books specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After this process, the system then sends the e-book to the customer provided e-mail for download or the customer can get the e-book in the account he or she opened with the company. Before the transaction is complete, users also have a chance to terminate the transaction. Visitor The system shall also provide opportunities for customers to provide their feedback and suggestions on how to improve services, the Web site, and any other ar ea of interest to them. Fig. 1: Use case diagram The use case diagram represents the stages of making the online e-book transactions. It shows the scope of the Web site, functional areas, and possible interactions between the visitors and the Web site (Ambler 1). The major players in these processes are: Customer: the customer or the visitor is the major player in this process. The company provides opportunities for a customer in another location to purchase the book via the online method. Administrator: the administrator can control the entire process of the customer’s interaction with the system. He also takes the role of the system operator and supports the entire process involved in e-book purchase. The administrator verifies all the details and interacts with the customer during the purchase process.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Database server: the database server stores the members’ identities and other details. It is also important during the registration of a new member. Web server: the Web server contains details of e-books, costs, shopping cart, address, comment areas, rating, e-mail addresses, and other important aspects of the Web site. Users initiate the process by logging on to the system. On the other hand, new visitors can register and become a member. The customer can browse the available books, review their contents, and choose the suitable book. In addition, the customer can review the book, rate, and add his or her comments. The customer selects the e-book of interest and adds it to the cart. In case of any challenge, the customer can make changes to the order. He can see costs of the item, which the system sends to the administrator. The customer can then initiate payment by using any of the supported methods. After verification procedures and payment, the administrator can confirm t he payment and send the e-book to the customer. The customer may get the book in his account with the company or in his personal e-mail account. Fig. 2: Online e-book purchasing processes Site Plan Logical Structure The logical structure has assumed a simple form structure (Booch, Rumbaugh and Jacobson 82). However, this structure may change as the design may acquire new features. The site hierarchy has the entire common navigational links. In addition, topical links are also a part of the structure. However, the site avoids complex design to enhance usability and navigation. Visitors can navigate the site freely and move from one content to another. For instance, users can skip ‘About Us’ and transcend to ‘Product’ without passing through other areas. The site plan is clear, simple, and concrete. Thus, it is simple for visitors to navigate from one menu to another without experiences challenges of being lost. Design Prototype The design is interactive to allow the Web site to communicate the entire structure, contents, and functionality with other part is a manner provides ease of modification, usage, and merging without technical challenges. This model shows clickable elements of HTML sections, which users can navigate while in the site. The design shall also have the necessary feel, images, and typography that match an e-book Web site. The page has footer and header. At the Home page, there are also options for Register for new visitors or Member Log for existing users. At the Footer, there are buttons with links about Contact Us, Social media connection, Pricing, Help, and FAQ. The Contact Us link leads the customer to the company’s e-mail address and phone number and physical location. Users have the option of using any of the methods. Under the Pricing tab, customer can view each item with its price tag. In case a customer has challenges, there is a link for help of FAQs. Whenever the user clicks on the Register button, the registration page shall pop up with all the fields for personal detail requirements and other related information. The process is linear to allow users to follow a simple process of registration. Users must enter their last names, first names, e-mail address, zip (if applicable), phone number, physical address, and country. The user must then enter the password and confirm it by retyping the same password. In case of any error, the system will highlight the section with the problem, and the users can make the required changes. After this process, users can then click the button ‘finish registration’. It will show that the registration is successful, and the system automatically directs the new user to member’s page. However, users can also cancel their registration by clicking the registration button. The Login page leads the user to where they can enter their user e-mail addresses and password in order to gain access to their account and member’s pag e. Users have the option of ‘remember my log in details’, which they can confirm or reject. The system also has a Log out button for users who have completed their transactions. Once in the member’s area or in the account section, users can browse the available list of e-books, reviews, and ratings. User can also add comments and rate a book. They can choose a book of their interests and review its content before making a decision to purchase. Users can click on the remove button to remove an item from a list, or they can click on the cancel button to abandon the entire process. The customer can make the order and specify the quantity. All items have their price tags. The system has automatic total price calculation, which the customer can see at the bottom of the list. The payment button allows the customer to enter his or her payment information based on the preferred method. They can also cancel the transaction at this stage. The price list and total price are visible to the customer. The payment process requires the necessary customer’s information. A customer can choose to pay by card or use online payment solutions. In the case of online payment, the customer will just enter the e-mail address and link to the payment account. He will then confirm the required fields and verify information entered. The card option shall require the name, card number, and date of expiry. The process must undergo all security verification procedures before the customer can execute payment. The customer can then click the ‘confirmation’ and ‘submit button’ in order to execute the transaction. They can also cancel the order at this stage. The system automatically generates transaction details and sends to the customer activity section, personal e-mail, and specified mobile number. In addition, the notification and confirmation message also appears on the screen. Site Implementation After the prototype stage, the designer mu st now implement the site. In this phase, the designer only dealt with three phases. The first phase involves the implementation of the site structure design. The aim is to ensure that the designer distributed all contents of the prototype in a way that is user-friendly and logical. The designer had various users’ behaviors in mind and used WSDM (Web search and data mining) as the guiding principle in the process. However, the designer also recognized that he could not foresee future behaviors of the users. Therefore, the decision was on a speculative approach. Whereas the designer could measure other technical aspects like financial, time, and technical challenges, he could not measure users’ behaviors when using the site. The second phase involved the presentation of the design of the Web site. The aim was to create a favorable feel and look of the site. In this process, the designer used a layout that accounted for users’ characteristics and mission of the co mpany. The designer used templates in order to reduce several cases of testing, create a consistent design, and enhance the speed of the process. The approach allowed the designer to use automated codes and other graphic parts. The use of the templates also ensured that the Web site had a good layout for controlling different pages and functions. In fact, the designer realized that it was simple and cost-effective to use templates that only require insertion of information in the fields. The third phase was the logical data design, which aimed to provide appropriate data for users. The designer presented information in various chunks and parts. This process only strived to ensure that customers got the necessary information they sought. Thus, the designer concentrated on developing a perfect ontology for data. The designer used XML tool in this process. During the site implementation process, the designer ensured that the database was maintainable, allow for modification, could not interfere with other functions, and fast enough for users. Overall, the logical data design remained useful to the programmer. The designer relied on a Query Builder in order to develop such a database with a logical design. The designer used Web Builder tool like WYSIWYG (What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get) to develop different Web pages. WYSIWYG allowed the designer to customize the site due to its several features, scripts, and templates. The Adobe Dreamweaver supported several processes, improved the workflow, and reduced time during the coding process. It had library code snippets server debug, and other coding tools. The designer could view the CSS as a whole unit. This made the process simple by allowing the user designer to see the style, identify areas for changes, and edit the style without changing the code. The designer generated important features like object chunks, structure of the site, navigation systems, logical data system, design templates, page model, images, text are as, logo areas, and typo styles. Testing Functionality Testing The designer tested for links of Web pages, connections, cookies, links for information submission and receiving. It also involved testing for â€Å"internal links, e-mail links, orphan pages, broken links, and links going to the same page† (Ash 23). Testing also covers all pages. Forms validate all lists in every field and default values. The designer also tested for cookies and HTML/CSS. Users could scroll the site without difficulties. Database testing This tested for consistency of information in the site, query results, retrieval, and updates. Usability Testing This involved testing for the ease of navigation, usage, clear instructions, and availability of the Main menu. There were no spelling errors. Color and font were visible. All contents were within the frame. All images had appropriate size. Interface Testing The designer tested for interface elements like â€Å"Web server and database server† (A sh 23). The designer ensured that all interface features interacted properly. There was a logical model for handling errors from application servers. The designer also tested for effects of interruption during transactions. The system always requested the user to cancel and confirm the process. Compatibility Testing This involved testing with different browsers, the mobile version, and printing options due different configuration. The Web site must match these standards. The designer used cross browser to ensure compatibility with the major browsers. AJAX required testing for user interface functionality, security testing, and other validation processes. The designer tested the Web site on various browsers like Firefox, Safari, Internet Explorer, and Opera browser among others. OS compatibility The designer tested for the Web site â€Å"functionality and compatibility with the various Operating Systems† (Nguyen, Johnson and Hackett 34). Not all graphic designs and interfaces may be compatible with the current Operating Systems. The designer tested OS like Windows, Solaris, and Linux among others. Mobile browsing The new age of technology has shifted to mobile devices, and mobile devices have increased Internet accessibility. Therefore, the designer tested for the Web site on a mobile browser for compatibility (Nguyen, Johnson and Hackett 34). Printing options Customers who wish to print their transaction details should not experience challenges. The designer tested for suitability of fonts, graphics, and page alignment for proper printing. Performance testing The Web site should bear the greatest load and stress. The designer tested for loading and connection speed. The system could handle several requests, large data, and connection to database and upload to certain pages. Stress testing The designer tested if the system could â€Å"handle large loads beyond its specified limits† (Nguyen, Johnson and Hackett 34). The areas of focus included log in, registration pages, and other input fields. The crash report was significant for future improvements. The designer also tested for stress functionality on various browsers, Oss, hardware, and, memory capacities, and software. Security Testing Finally, the designer tested for the Web site security features. The system had the ability to record all transactions, error messages, and unauthorized attempts of logins. Releasing The Web site was ready for a release after testing. The designer observed whether the Web site met users’ expectations. Users had the option of proving feedback about the overall site experience. The process also involved measures of goals and any possible correction required for the Web site functionality and usability. The Web site shall require constant maintenance in terms of improving current features, technology improvement, and changes in the visual features. In addition, the site shall require regular update of available books. Ambler, Scott. Us er Interface Design Tips, Techniques, and Principles. 2012. Web. Ash, Lydia. The Web Testing Companion: The Insiders Guide to Efficient and Effective Tests. New York: Wiley, 2003. Print. Booch, Grady, James Rumbaugh and Ivar Jacobson. The Unified Modeling Language User Guide, 2nd ed. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2005. Print. Eccher, Clint. Professional Web Design: Techniques and Templates, 4th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Nguyen, Hung, Robert Johnson and Michael Hackett. Testing Applications on the Web: Test Planning for Mobile and Internet-Based Systems, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 2003. Print.

Political, Fiscal and Programmatic Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Political, Fiscal and Programmatic Power - Essay Example National Governments assumed more and more power and the original spirit of the federalism under which states had a role too diminished. Though the federalism emerged as a concept of sharing the powers of the states and the national government however, the power naturally shifted towards the national government. Though this may be considered as good however, states being the laboratories for democracy tend to have their own role too. The founding fathers of the country established this mechanism of governance in order to control the overlapping of powers between different organs of the State however, the power ultimately shifted. Over the period of time, powers such as fiscal, political as well as programmatic have been largely in the hands of national government. This paper will therefore discuss as to whether these powers should be shifted towards the states or not in order to streamline the powers between national governments and states. Federalism in US It is argued that the fede ralism emerged out of a political necessity and it was established in order to consolidate the different states under one national government. One of the plausible explanations of the federalism was actually to prevent the rise of the power holders and balance the powers between different power holders. ... (Gerston, 2007) Theoretically, a federal system is based upon a system in which the overall power and authority is shared between a central government at the national level and different sub-governments. This very characteristics of dividing the power between different players actually limits the authority and also preserve the representative democracy. As such , federalism blends both the centralized as well as de-centralized political systems thus creating a fusion of governance mechanism which can ensure transparency and balance. Historically, however, except the general assignments as outlined specifically within US constitution, there has been a critical struggle between the national governments and states to maintain the powers between themselves. The overlapping of powers, roles and responsibilities between states and national government therefore requires critical insight and exploration into the practical nature of the federalism and whether it has achieved its objectives or not. The era from great depression to at least 1980s, even the apex court of the country gave decisions based on entrusting greater powers to the national government under the impression that strong central government is necessary for ensuring fiscal stability within the country. States and National Government National Government, in US, evolved as a result of creating a policy making entity at the top. As such the laws passed by the Congress almost touched every aspect of human life. This approach towards law making and the historical tendency of the Congressmen to pass laws with uniform policy implications for the social sphere of life at least have been historically on rise. Right from

Moore's Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moore's Law - Research Paper Example This is basically the same definition as the initial one, but using the phrase ‘more transistors’ is being more specific in the definition (Sami 23-29). As a self-fulfilling foresight and a target for industry Even though this rule was primarily created in the form of prophesy and observation, it became popular more widely, as it served as more as an objective for the whole industry. This forced both the departments of engineering and marketing of the manufacturers of semiconductors to put their attention on massive energy that aim for the specific rise in the power of processing that it was considered one or even more of their rivals would soon achieve. In this regard, we find that it can be perceived as a self-fulfilling foresight. The second law of Moore As the costs of the power of computer drops on the side of the consumers, the costs on the side of the manufacturers in fulfilling the rule of Moore goes in an opposite trend; production and costs of tests have gone u p considerably with each new invention of chips. The increasing costs of manufacturing are a critical consideration for the sustenance of the Moore’s rule. This had resulted in the establishment of the second law or Moore, known as the Rock’s law (Myslewski 2013). The law states that the semiconductor’s cost also rises significantly with time. ... Main facilitating factors and the future trends Several innovations by numerous engineers together with scientists have been considerable factors in the law of Moore’s sustenance since the start of the period of integrated circuit. While assembling a comprehensive list of such imperative contributions would be as interesting and attractive as it would be tough. The roadmaps of the industry of computer technology projects that the rule will continue being there for many chip generations to come. After the time of doubling that is used in the calculations, we find that this could imply that there will be up to about hundredfold rise in the count of transistor per chip in a decade. Nonetheless, the technology roadman of the industry of semiconductor uses a time of doubling of about three years for the microprocessors, resulting to a tenfold rise during the following decade. For instance, Intel, in 2005, was reported as claiming that the silicon chips’ downsizing with prope r economics would continue being there in the following decade, and also in the year 2008 as projecting the pattern all through to the year 2029. The law’s ultimate limit Gordon Moore, In April 2005, asserted that the rule cannot continue existing forever. He argued that the exponentials’ nature is that they are pushed out and a disaster eventually occurs. Moreover, he claimed that the transistors would ultimately attain the heights of minimization at the levels of atoms. When we look at the size of the transistors, we find that they are reaching that of which is a serious blockade, even though it will be two or even three generation chips before it reaches that far (Crothers 2013). However, that is as far as it has been able to be seen. Moore further stated that there are still

Cheating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cheating - Essay Example Cheating can also be used interchangeably with infidelity, when someone â€Å"cheats† on his or her spouse or partner; it means they are involved in an affair with another person in secret. Herein, cheating involves dishonesty since one has made their partner believes they are faithful to them and the fact that they are emotionally or physically involved with someone else constitutes cheating. In this case, it can involve anything from sexual activity to holding hand, kissing or/making out depending on the understating of the parties concerned. Cheating can also involve using unfair methods to win or gain advantage in a situation that should otherwise be neutral for all. For instance, a student entering the exam room with notes or gaining access to the questions prior to the exam; such individuals are cheating because they increase their chances of outperforming their colleagues, not by working harder, but by manipulating circumstance to make the exam easier for them. Ultimately, cheating denotes and connotes deliberate dishonesty or deception, and from the examples given, it is clear that cheating is used to give people an unfair advantage, deceive and /or exploit